Suchergebnisse

Ecopetrol S.A. (Ecopetrol) was created under the laws of Colombian as an industrial and commercial company of the State in the area of petroleum and charged with administering the hydrocarbons resources of the Nation. Originally, Ecopetrol was an organ of the State and had the ability to assert legal immunity (from jurisdiction and execution) by reason of sovereignty under the laws of the United States (for example, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act). But recently (since 2003 until the present moment) the Colombian Government restructured Ecopetrol in a significant manner. Now, Ecopetrol is a company of mixed economy with commercial character that can (with limitations) offer shares that can be sold in the public market and can be acquired by persons or companies. This Article considers the impact of the transformation of Ecopetrol in relation to the sovereign immunity (from jurisdiction and execution) of Ecopetrol (and affiliates) under the laws of the United States. In other words this article analyses if the new Ecopetrol should be considered as a State or an agency or instrumentality of a State that has the right to claim sovereign immunity as a defense in courts in the United States. ; Ecopetrol S.A. es una sociedad constituida conforme a las leyes colombianas como una empresa industrial y comercial del Estado, parte de la cadena del petróleo encargada de administrar los recursos hidrocarburíferos de la nación. En un principio, Ecopetrol fue creada como un órgano del Estado con la capacidad para alegar inmunidad legal (de jurisdicción y de ejecución) con ocasión a su soberanía sobre las leyes de los Estados Unidos (conforme a lo establecido en la Ley de Inmunidades Soberanas Extranjeras). Sin embargo, recientemente, (desde el 2003 y hasta el presente) el Gobierno colombiano reestructuró la empresa de manera significativa. Como consecuencia, ahora es una sociedad de economía mixta de carácter comercial que puede, con limitaciones, ofrecer acciones en el mercado para que estas puedan ser adquiridas por personas naturales o jurídicas. El presente artículo analiza el impacto de la transformación de Ecopetrol en relación con su inmunidad soberana (de jurisdicción y de ejecución y sus afiliadas) sobre las leyes de los Estados Unidos. En otras palabras, explora si la nueva Ecopetrol debe ser aún considerada como un Estado o una agencia o instrumentalidad de un Estado con el derecho de alegar inmunidad soberana como un mecanismo de defensa ante los tribunales estadounidenses.

Purpose
To access new markets and improve sourcing practices small to medium sized manufacturing companies (SMEs) increasingly seek suppliers and customers in distant countries. Yet these new relationships with global partners often pose problems of an agency nature. The purpose of this paper is to directly address these challenges through the proposal of an information and communication technology (ICT)-based framework.


Design/methodology/approach
There has been very little research into how lead SMEs manage their global supply chains and the challenges they face. This paper uses a case study investigation to analyze how four French SMEs – final assemblers of machinery in the farming and agri-business sector – manage their international supply chains.


Findings
It was observed that the relationships and interactions between the SMEs and their immediate upstream and downstream partners were dominated by the agency problem and fell into six distinct categories (termed "barriers" to effective supply integration), namely; asymmetries, contractual design, supplier dependence, product specifications, supply chain complexity and performance monitoring.


Originality/value
The contribution of this paper is that a conceptual frame work was developed in which ICT solutions are offered to help address the barriers to supply chain integration, thus reducing the overall risk exposure due to externalities and problems of agency.

Ecopetrol S.A. es una sociedad constituida conforme a las leyes colombianas como una empresa industrial y comercial del Estado, parte de la cadena del petróleo encargada de administrar los recursos hidrocarburíferos de la nación. En un principio, Ecopetrol fue creada como un órgano del Estado con la capacidad para alegar inmunidad legal (de jurisdicción y de ejecución) con ocasión a su soberanía sobre las leyes de los Estados Unidos (conforme a lo establecido en la Ley de Inmunidades Soberanas Extranjeras). Sin embargo, recientemente, (desde el 2003 y hasta el presente) el Gobierno colombiano reestructuró la empresa de manera significativa. Como consecuencia, ahora es una sociedad de economía mixta de carácter comercial que puede, con limitaciones, ofrecer acciones en el mercado para que estas puedan ser adquiridas por personas naturales o jurídicas. El presente artículo analiza el impacto de la transformación de Ecopetrol en relación con su inmunidad soberana (de jurisdicción y de ejecución y sus afiliadas) sobre las leyes de los Estados Unidos. En otras palabras, explora si la nueva Ecopetrol debe ser aún considerada como un Estado o una agencia o instrumentalidad de un Estado con el derecho de alegar inmunidad soberana como un mecanismo de defensa ante los tribunales estadounidenses. ; Ecopetrol S.A. (Ecopetrol) was created under the laws of Colombian as an industrial and commercial company of the State in the area of petroleum and charged with administering the hydrocarbons resources of the Nation. Originally, Ecopetrol was an organ of the State and had the ability to assert legal immunity (from jurisdiction and execution) by reason of sovereignty under the laws of the United States (for example, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act). But recently (since 2003 until the present moment) the Colombian Government restructured Ecopetrol in a significant manner. Now, Ecopetrol is a company of mixed economy with commercial character that can (with limitations) offer shares that can be sold in the public market and can be acquired by persons or companies. This Article considers the impact of the transformation of Ecopetrol in relation to the sovereign immunity (from jurisdiction and execution) of Ecopetrol (and affiliates) under the laws of the United States. In other words this article analyses if the new Ecopetrol should be considered as a State or an agency or instrumentality of a State that has the right to claim sovereign immunity as a defense in courts in the United States.

AbstractIn order to implement or maintain a green supply chain (GSC) that produces goods and services responsibly and sustainably, supply chain managers should use tools that allow for the efficient identification, quantification, and mitigation of the ever‐present risks. The objective of the present research is to identify the risk factors associated with the processes involved in GSC management. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of GSC risk, the authors put forward a list of risk design principles and a risk criteria evaluation system for a GSC. Gray relation analysis method was then used to clarify the degree of connection between certain supply chain risk factors and select key risk factors. Finally, Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP‐ANN) method was used to determine the risk level associated with a GSC. The determination of risk level will help companies to develop effective strategic management initiatives in a GSC environment.

International audience ; Through a case study of a producer association of organic fruit and vegetables in the Loire Valley Region of France (Loire Ocean Bio), this article proposes several approaches for understanding the potential links between organic farming and health and well-being. In the cases encountered by the authors, the classic utilitarian approach used by economists regarding health and well-being does not prove very useful in analyzing these links. Multidimensional measurements of the determinants of health and well-being, such as those proposed by Stiglitz report (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi, 2009), prove to be better suited in this matter. Using their framework, this article highlights the finding that there appears to be a mutually reinforcing relationship between organic agriculture and health and well-being. That is to say, on certain points, organic agriculture helps to improve the quality of life in the region concerned, while at the same time the interests of health and well-being are of a central concern to organic producers. ; A travers l'étude de cas d'une association de producteurs de fruits et légumes biologiques en Pays de la Loire (Bio Loire Océan), cet article propose quelques pistes pour appréhender les liens potentiels entre agriculture biologique et bien-être. Dans les cas rencontrés par les auteurs, l'approche utilitariste des économistes du bien-être se révèle peu utile pour analyser ces liens. Les mesures multidimensionnelles des déterminants du bien-être, telles que celle proposée par le rapport Stiglitz (Stiglitz, Sen et Fitoussi, 2009), s'avèrent plus opérationnelles en la matière. S'appuyant sur cette grille de lecture, l'article met en évidence le fait que ce lien est dual. S'il est possible de dire que, sur certains points, l'agriculture bio favorise la production de capabilités et la qualité de vie sur le territoire considéré, il apparaît également que la recherche de bien-être est au coeur du projet politique des producteurs rencontrés.

International audience ; Through a case study of a producer association of organic fruit and vegetables in the Loire Valley Region of France (Loire Ocean Bio), this article proposes several approaches for understanding the potential links between organic farming and health and well-being. In the cases encountered by the authors, the classic utilitarian approach used by economists regarding health and well-being does not prove very useful in analyzing these links. Multidimensional measurements of the determinants of health and well-being, such as those proposed by Stiglitz report (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi, 2009), prove to be better suited in this matter. Using their framework, this article highlights the finding that there appears to be a mutually reinforcing relationship between organic agriculture and health and well-being. That is to say, on certain points, organic agriculture helps to improve the quality of life in the region concerned, while at the same time the interests of health and well-being are of a central concern to organic producers. ; A travers l'étude de cas d'une association de producteurs de fruits et légumes biologiques en Pays de la Loire (Bio Loire Océan), cet article propose quelques pistes pour appréhender les liens potentiels entre agriculture biologique et bien-être. Dans les cas rencontrés par les auteurs, l'approche utilitariste des économistes du bien-être se révèle peu utile pour analyser ces liens. Les mesures multidimensionnelles des déterminants du bien-être, telles que celle proposée par le rapport Stiglitz (Stiglitz, Sen et Fitoussi, 2009), s'avèrent plus opérationnelles en la matière. S'appuyant sur cette grille de lecture, l'article met en évidence le fait que ce lien est dual. S'il est possible de dire que, sur certains points, l'agriculture bio favorise la production de capabilités et la qualité de vie sur le territoire considéré, il apparaît également que la recherche de bien-être est au coeur du projet politique des producteurs rencontrés.

International audience ; Through a case study of a producer association of organic fruit and vegetables in the Loire Valley Region of France (Loire Ocean Bio), this article proposes several approaches for understanding the potential links between organic farming and health and well-being. In the cases encountered by the authors, the classic utilitarian approach used by economists regarding health and well-being does not prove very useful in analyzing these links. Multidimensional measurements of the determinants of health and well-being, such as those proposed by Stiglitz report (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi, 2009), prove to be better suited in this matter. Using their framework, this article highlights the finding that there appears to be a mutually reinforcing relationship between organic agriculture and health and well-being. That is to say, on certain points, organic agriculture helps to improve the quality of life in the region concerned, while at the same time the interests of health and well-being are of a central concern to organic producers. ; A travers l'étude de cas d'une association de producteurs de fruits et légumes biologiques en Pays de la Loire (Bio Loire Océan), cet article propose quelques pistes pour appréhender les liens potentiels entre agriculture biologique et bien-être. Dans les cas rencontrés par les auteurs, l'approche utilitariste des économistes du bien-être se révèle peu utile pour analyser ces liens. Les mesures multidimensionnelles des déterminants du bien-être, telles que celle proposée par le rapport Stiglitz (Stiglitz, Sen et Fitoussi, 2009), s'avèrent plus opérationnelles en la matière. S'appuyant sur cette grille de lecture, l'article met en évidence le fait que ce lien est dual. S'il est possible de dire que, sur certains points, l'agriculture bio favorise la production de capabilités et la qualité de vie sur le territoire considéré, il apparaît également que la recherche de bien-être est au coeur du projet politique des producteurs rencontrés.

International audience ; Through a case study of a producer association of organic fruit and vegetables in the Loire Valley Region of France (Loire Ocean Bio), this article proposes several approaches for understanding the potential links between organic farming and health and well-being. In the cases encountered by the authors, the classic utilitarian approach used by economists regarding health and well-being does not prove very useful in analyzing these links. Multidimensional measurements of the determinants of health and well-being, such as those proposed by Stiglitz report (Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi, 2009), prove to be better suited in this matter. Using their framework, this article highlights the finding that there appears to be a mutually reinforcing relationship between organic agriculture and health and well-being. That is to say, on certain points, organic agriculture helps to improve the quality of life in the region concerned, while at the same time the interests of health and well-being are of a central concern to organic producers. ; A travers l'étude de cas d'une association de producteurs de fruits et légumes biologiques en Pays de la Loire (Bio Loire Océan), cet article propose quelques pistes pour appréhender les liens potentiels entre agriculture biologique et bien-être. Dans les cas rencontrés par les auteurs, l'approche utilitariste des économistes du bien-être se révèle peu utile pour analyser ces liens. Les mesures multidimensionnelles des déterminants du bien-être, telles que celle proposée par le rapport Stiglitz (Stiglitz, Sen et Fitoussi, 2009), s'avèrent plus opérationnelles en la matière. S'appuyant sur cette grille de lecture, l'article met en évidence le fait que ce lien est dual. S'il est possible de dire que, sur certains points, l'agriculture bio favorise la production de capabilités et la qualité de vie sur le territoire considéré, il apparaît également que la recherche de bien-être est au coeur du projet politique des producteurs rencontrés.

This article investigates the theoretical and empirical relationships between organisational punishment and productivity. We do so by highlighting the contributions of two academic fields to this topic: management and economics. We underscore the many common theoretical and empirical grounds across management and economics. We heighten, in particular, how motivation and learning theories have contributed to the development of both theoretical and empirical research on this topic. This article also argues that this debate could be significantly advanced if insights stemming from industrial relations and labour process theory were also considered, as these disciplines have traditionally focused on macro-issues such as how changes in the economic/institutional contexts may affect the likelihood that organisations will resort to punishment. In order to foster future research on this topic, three research themes were developed: (a) freedom of choice and the role of contract completeness; (b) perception of punishment, monitoring and productivity; and (c) punishment, productivity and exogenous variables.