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For centuries, mankind has watched, helplessly, as his capacity for planetary destruction has outdistanced his ability to comprehend the reasons for human violence. In desperation, man has scoured the animal kingdom searching for a model of comportment, and he has returned, empty- handed, from his quest. Psychology has insisted that it has a clue to the crude recipe for the creation of violent individuals and that the analysis of violence at a personal, group, national, or international level must focus on the nature of the develop ing human being who will—by happenstance or cold design— succeed to a position of leadership. The psychological struc ture of the leader and of his lieutenants is a vital piece of the puzzle of violence both at the juvenile resort-riot level and in the game of cold war-hot war bluff. Without an increased understanding of the forces that shape the individual, we will forever fail to comprehend the direction that international violence may take.

The res of M. Sherif et al, in what has been called The Robbers Cave Exp, is essentially the waging of exp'al war using 11 yr-old boys as the protagonists. Following the exp'al establishment of hostility between 2 groups of boys at a camp, a successful attempt was made to reduce the intergroup enmity by the introduction of superordinate goals which required cooperative effort if they were to be attained. The res design allowed for a test of the hypothesis that sheer associatioq or exposure of the hostiles to one another,would serve to reduce intergroup hatred. The authors conclude that such unorganized contact acts only to provoke greater aggression. An analysis of a series of other designs for the reduction of intergroup hostility, & a critique of the Sherif exp,is presented. The kinds of & the efforts orI res needed are discussed, behavioral sci to contribute to internat'l affairs are examined. AA.

Observations of 70 aggressive, anti-soc, anti-adult boys living in a short-term diagnostic & therapeutic center provides an analogy to internat'l aggression & its deterrence. The natural history of aggressive interaction among these children is organized first around the communication of threat to one another by saber rattling, recounting past glories, roll calls of allies, demonstration of the growing might of gangs & deterrence by attack. The response to threat contains many of the characteristics of similar response among nation states. Methods used exp'ly to deter the spread of aggression include disengagement (demilitarized zones, recession), treaties & truces, inspection & the use of 'occup troops,' & soc isolation. An appraisal of the various means of deterring aggression is made & an evaluation of the psychol'al characteristics of aggressive leadership is attempted. AA.

Aggression is a fundamental aspect of human existence. Personal frustration is woven so tightly into the fabric of each life that aggressive feelings are an inevitable human experience. As man has expanded the scale on which he can express his destructiveness, he has multiplied the urgency of the need for a solution. The exp'al study of animals clearly has only limited application to human aggressiveness. Human hostility to be comprehended must take into account the nature of man, the forces that drive him to action, the needs he must gratify, the conflicts he encounters & the anxieties that beset him. The bulk of the exp'al & theoretical work of psychol'ts focuses on the intimate relationship of frustration & aggression. The individual's personal history reveals the development of adult control over primitive urges of anger & their channeling into constructive outlets. The child's early experiences with aggression are used by the fam as a lesson in civilized living. The interplay of punishment, guilt & adult approval makes up the forces with which the child must come to terms, & the outcome of this struggle determines the aggressive or passive orientation he will carry through life. In raw form, aggression produces man's greatest accomplishments as well as his most notable catastrophes. Soc & cultural attempts to regulate aggression have never succeeded in devising a completely dependable formula that does not involve soc sanction for victimizing others. Delinquency, crime & war remain as seemingly indestructible monuments to man's inability to map accurately the dimensions of aggression. There is promise in the behavioral sci's. This assessment of the current status of the psychol of aggression draws its evidence from 414 selected references & interprets the past, present, prospect of theory & res on this topic. AA.