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Management of social-ecological systems takes place amidst complex governance processes and cross-scale institutional arrangements that are mediated through politics of scale. Each management scenario generates distinct cross-scale trade-offs in the distribution of pluralistic values. This study explores the hypothesis that conservation-oriented management scenarios generate higher value for international and national scale social organizations, whereas mixed or more balanced management scenarios generate higher value for local scale social organizations. This hypothesis is explored in the management context of Ruaha National Park (RNP), Tanzania, especially the 2006 expansion of RNP that led to the eviction of many pastoralists and farmers. Five management scenarios for RNP, i.e., national park, game reserve, game control area, multiple use area, and open area, are evaluated in a multicriteria decision analytical framework on six valuation criteria: economic welfare; good governance; socio-cultural values; social equity; ecosystem services; and biodiversity protection; and at three spatial scales: local, national, and international. Based upon this evaluation, we discuss the politics of scale that ensue from the implementation of management alternatives with different mixes of conservation and development goals in social-ecological systems. Copyright © 2011 by the author(s).

This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; "July 2010." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; V. II. National security policy and strategy -- The national system and environment. Crafting national interests in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- The national security community, revisited / Walter H. Leach -- Making national security policy in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- National security and the interagency process / Gabriel Marcella -- PDD-56 : a glass half-full / John F. Troxell -- National security powers : are the checks in balance? / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- National military strategies : 1990-2009 / Richard M. Meinhart -- Present at the counterrevolution : an essay on the 2005 national defense strategy and its impact on policy / Nathan P. Freier -- Securing America from attack : the Defense Department's evolving role after 9/11 / Frank L. Jones -- The appropriate role of intelligence in the making of national security policy / Anthony R. Williams -- The international system and environment. The international system in the 21st century / Alan G. Stolberg -- International relations theory and American grand strategy / Janeen M. Klinger -- Multilateralism and unilateralism / James A. Helis -- Regional studies in a global age / R. Craig Nation -- "Lawyers, guns, and money" : transnational threats and U.S. national security / Paul Rexton Kan -- Ethical issues in war : an overview / Martin L. Cook -- Strategic issues and considerations. Ethics and war in comparative religious perspective / David L. Perry -- International law and the new world order : redefining sovereignty / Thomas W. McShane -- A nationalist's view of lawfare / David G. Bolgiano -- The United States and the International Criminal Court / Thomas W. McShane -- Retooling U.S. public diplomacy as a strategic instrument of foreign policy / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- A primer on civil-military relations for senior leaders / Marybeth P. Ulrich -- New requirements for a new challenge : the military's role in border security / Bert B. Tussing -- Creating strategy in an era of change : the Plains Indian wars / Clayton K.S. Chun -- U.S. relations with North Korea, 1991-2000 / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Painting yourself into a corner : conflict termination, unconditional surrender, and the case of Japan / Clayton K.S. Chun -- The guerrilla warfare problem : revolutionary war and the Kennedy administration response, 1961-1964 / Frank L. Jones. ; V. I. Theory of war and strategy -- Introduction / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Strategic theory. Why is strategy difficult? / David Jablonsky -- A survey of the theory of strategy / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a theory of strategy : Art Lykke and the U.S. Army War College strategy model / H. Richard Yarger -- The strategic appraisal : the key to effective strategy / H. Richard Yarger -- Managing strategic risk / James F. Holcomb -- A theory of victory / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- Toward a strategic theory of terrorism : defining boundaries in the ongoing search for security / Frank L. Jones -- Thucydides and contemporary strategy / R. Craig Nation -- The elements of power. National power / David Jablonsky -- National power / R. Craig Nation -- Strategic communication : wielding the information element of power / Dennis M. Murphy -- Diplomacy as an instrument of national power / Reed J. Fendrick -- Theory and practice of modern diplomacy : origins and development to 1914 / Louis J. Nigro, Jr. -- Economic diplomacy : views of a practitioner / Constance Phlipot -- Economics : a key element of national power / Clayton K.S. Chun -- Political economy and national security : a primer / Janeen M. Klinger -- Military power and the use of force / John F. Troxell -- Strategic issues and considerations. Systems thinking in campaign design / Charles D. Allen and Glenn K. Cunningham -- Intelligence as a tool of strategy / John Aclin -- Air power theory : an analytical narrative from the First World War to the present / Tami Davis Biddle -- John Warden's five ring model and the indirect approach to war / Clayton K. S. Chun -- Naval theory for soldiers / J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. -- The network-centric warfare journey : realizing the power of information / Jeffrey L. Groh -- Space power : a strategic assessment and a way forward / Jeffrey A. Farnsworth. ; This edition of the U. S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy continues to reflect the structure and approach of the core national security strategy and policy curriculum at the War College. The fourth edition is published in two volumes that correspond roughly to the Department of National Security and Strategy's core courses: "Theory of War and Strategy" and "National Security Policy and Strategy." Like previous editions, this one is largely an expansion of its predecessor rather than a major rewriting. About a quarter of the chapters are new, and several others have undergone significant rewrites or updates. However, approximately half of the book remains unchanged. Although this is not primarily a textbook, it does reflect both the method and manner we use to teach strategy formulation to America's future senior leaders. The book is not a comprehensive or exhaustive treatment of either strategic theory or the policymaking process. Both volumes are organized to proceed from the general to the specific. Thus the first volume opens with general thoughts on the nature and theory of war and strategy, proceeds to look at the complex aspect of power, and concludes with specific theoretical issues. Similarly, the second volume begins by examining the policy/strategy process, moves to a look at the strategic environment, and concludes with some specific issues. This edition adds several short case studies that can be used to illustrate the primary material in the volume. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Previously titled: U.S. Army War College guide to national security policy and strategy.