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Digital Musical Instruments (DMIs) are musical instruments typically composed of a control surface where user interaction is measured by sensors whose values are mapped to sound synthesis algorithms. These instruments have gained interest among skilled musicians and performers in the last decades leading to artistic practices including musical performance, interactive installations and dance. The creation of DMIs typically involves several areas, among them: arts, design and engineering. The balance between these areas is an essential task in DMI design so that the resulting instruments are aesthetically appealing, robust, and allow responsive, accurate and repeatable sensing. In this paper, we review the use of sensors in the DMI community as manifested in the proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME 2009–2013). Focusing on the sensor technologies and signal conditioning techniques used by the NIME community. Although it has been claimed that specifications for artistic tools are harder than those for military applications, this study raises a paradox showing that in most of the cases, DMIs are based on a few basic sensors types and unsophisticated engineering solutions, not taking advantage of more advanced sensing, instrumentation and signal processing techniques that could dramatically improve their response. We aim to raise awareness of limitations of any engineering solution and to assert the benefits of advanced electronics instrumentation design in DMIs. For this, we propose the use of specialized sensors such as strain gages, advanced conditioning circuits and signal processing tools such as sensor fusion. We believe that careful electronic instrumentation design may lead to more responsive instruments.

Neste artigo procura-se associar os estudos teóricos relacionados à temática centro-periferia, multi-level governance, federalismo cooperativo e positive and negative integration à realidade empírica das unidades subnacionais no seio do Mercosul. São ainda efetuadas pesquisas de campo junto a atores políticos e representações de agentes econômicos a fim de privilegiar fontes primárias de informação e desta forma analisar comparativamente os impactos do Mercado Comum do Sul na economia política dos estados de Pernambuco, Bahia, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, assim como em suas respectivas capitais.

This article seeks to associate the theoretical devices related to the center-periphery theme, multi-level governance, federalism & positive/negative integration to the very reality of subnational unities within Mercosur. Some field inquiries with economical agents & political actors are subsequently considered in order to favor primary sources of information. finally this text proposes to scrutinize the impact of the Southern Common Market on the political economy of Pernambuco, Bahia, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul & their respective capitals. Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.