Suchergebnisse

El presente trabajo busca colocar en tela de juicio los efectos provocados por el sistema capitalista actual de corte neoliberal. En este sentido, se aborda fundamentalmente la indefensión latente a la cual se enfrentan las personas en edad de trabajar ante las políticas y leyes laborales imperantes en el mundo. La discusión se centra en el reconocimiento de los efectos provocados por la aplicación de regulaciones cimentadas en el trabajo y los desempleados. Frente a esta situación se han enarbolado —desde la década de 1960— un conjunto de estrategias empresariales tendientes a acallar las denuncias sociales de estos hechos. Una de las estrategias más populares en el mundo para mitigar los efectos de dichas políticas es la RSE. El discurso empresarial en el cual se basa la RSE podría ser calificado como casi perfecto, aunque en el terreno de los hechos ocurra lo contrario. Por lo anterior, la RSE se etiqueta aquí como un conjunto de falacias. Este punto constituye el objetivo fundamental de este documento, es decir, trata de evidenciar la desvergüenza y el cinismo enarbolado por los promotores del neoliberalismo económico-político. ; The aim of this paper is to place into question the effects caused by the current system of neoliberal capitalism. In this sense we will principally tackle the latent helplessness to which working age people are submitted due to the policies and labor laws prevailing in the whole world. The discussion is focused on the recognition of the effects caused by the application of regulations on the job's conditions and on the unemployed people. To face up to this situation a set of business strategies aimed to silence the social claims of these events have been raised since the sixties. One of the most popular strategies in the world to mitigate the effects of such policies is the CSR. The business speech in which the CSR is based could be considered almost perfect. Although in reality the opposite facts occur. Therefore, CSR is labeled here as a fallacy. This approach is trying to show the shamelessness and cynicism raised by the neoliberal economic and political promoters.

The phenomenon of globalization presents increasingly great challenges to communities, which requires them to have a great variety of physical and technological resources available to be carried out; for a long time, education has played an especially relevant role concerning the behavior and development of the individual and the community in general, which is why governments all over the world have focused their efforts on devising an education model that is able to be extended to each member of society, which makes up for the requirements imposed by the stated phenomenon and at the same time provides incentive for the development of new knowledge abilities in students. Colombia is a developing country that still has not officially incorporated the 3.0 technology in its educational regulations, which causes a significant delay in educational matters and training regarding fully fully developed countries such as Spain, Mexico, or the United States; this article presents an integration model for web 2.0 services based on education 3.0 in the context of guidelines and definitions of secondary school education in Colombia, which could be considered a step toward the full virtualization of the same. ; El fenómeno de la globalización les plantea a las comunidades desafíos cada vez mayores, expresados en la exigencia de tener a su disposición un innumerable conglomerado de recursos físicos y tecnológicos para ser llevados a cabo. Desde hace ya mucho tiempo, la educación ha tenido un papel de especial relevancia en lo concerniente al comportamiento y desarrollo del individuo y la comunidad en general; por esto, gobiernos de todo el mundo han volcado sus esfuerzos hacia la construcción de un modelo educativo capaz de extenderse a cada miembro de la sociedad, que supla los requerimientos impuestos a partir del fenómeno de la globalización y que, a su vez, incentive el desarrollo de nuevas habilidades de conocimiento en el educando. Colombia es un país en vía de desarrollo que aún no ha incorporado de forma oficial la tecnología 3.0 a su reglamentación educativa, lo que conlleva un atraso significativo en temas pedagógicos y formativos respecto a países completamente desarrollados como España, México o Estados Unidos. El presente artículo plantea un modelo de integración de servicios web 2.0 basado en educación 3.0, contextualizado en los lineamientos y las definiciones de la educación media y básica secundaria en Colombia, que podría ser considerado como un acercamiento a la virtualización total de esta. ; O fenômeno da globalização coloca desafíos cada vez maiores às comunidades, o que lhes exige ter a disposição inúmeros recursos físicos e tecnológicos para que possam ser superados. Há muito tempo, a educação vem tomando um papel de especial relevância com respeito ao comportamento, desenvolvimento do indivíduo e da comunidade em geral, é por isto que os governos do mundo têm dispensado grandes esforços para idealizar um modelo educativo com possibilidades de expansão a cada membro da sociedade, de modo a suprir os requerimentos impostos a partir de dito fenômeno e que também incentive o desenvolvimiento das novas habilidades do conhecimento do aluno. A Colômbia é um país em desenvolvimento que ainda não tem incorporado, de uma maneira oficial, a tecnología 3.0 em sua regulamentação educativa, o que acarreta um atraso significativo em temas pedagógicos e formativos em relação a países desenvolvidos como Espanha, México, e Estados Unidos; o presente artigo apresenta um modelo de integração de serviços web 2.0, baseado na educação 3.0, contextualizado nos alinhamentos e as definições da educação básica e do ensino médio na Colômbia, que poderia ser considerado uma aproximação com a virtualização total da mesma.

The beneficial effects of pozzolans on cement manufacture have encouraged theiruse in that industry. Tradit ional natural pozzolan have become less available oflate, however, due to a decline in quarrying intensity aimed at minimizing theimpact on the landscape. At the same time, environ mental policies pursue thereduction or elimination of spoil heaps by valorizing industrial waste and by-pro-ducts as raw materials, in keeping with the principles of the circular economy.The quest for new types of waste and by-products with pozzolanic properties hasconsequently become a priority line of resear ch. This study explored the valoriza-tion of one such by-product, the ceramic sludge resulting from fired clay industrymilling and glazing, as a component in new, more eco-sustainable cements. Thesludge was characterized physically, chemically, morphologically, and mineralogi-cally to determine its suitability as a pozzolanic addition in cement. The findingsshowed that ceramic sludge consists in clustered particles ranging in size from100 lmto1lm. SiO2,Al2O3, and Fe2O3together comprise over 70% of the totalcomposition, while the reactive silica content is greater than the 25% required bythe existing legislation. The predominant minerals are quartz, kaolinite, and mus-covite, with some zircon. A study of pozzolanic reaction kinetics in the ceramicsludge/lime system revealed that over time this waste can fix lime, generatingproducts such as calcium aluminate hydrates and C–S–H gels. The cements madewith ceramic sludge proved to be standard-compliant in terms of water demand,setting, drying shrinkage and mechanical strength ; Peer reviewed

A full understanding of the characteristics of the granular skeleton comprising different percentages of conventional and recycled aggregates is requisite to the reusability of construction and demolition waste. This study analyzed the effect of partially replacing natural aggregate with recycled concrete (RCA) and mixed (RMA) aggregates on the performance of granular mixtures. Each type of aggregate was characterized physically, chemically, mineralogically, and mechanically, and the physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures were assessed. Correlations were established to predict the optimal mixture proportions. The recycled aggregates analyzed met most requirements laid down in the national legislation and complied with international recommendations. The mixtures exhibited a close linear correlation between the properties analyzed and the recycled aggregate replacement ratios. For concrete, the upper limit was 75% for RCA and RMA, and for the base and intermediate layers in medium/low traffic roads, 75% for RCA and 35% for RMA. ; This study was funded under research projects BIA 2013-48876-C3-1-R, BIA2013-48876-C3-2-R and BIA2016-76643-C3-1-R awarded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation; a partnering agreement between the Regional Department of Public Works, Housing, Land Management and Tourism of Extremadura and the University of Extremadura to implement a research project on construction and demolition waste (C&DW) valorisation in road infrastructure applications (195/14); and grant GR 15064 awarded to the MATERIA Research Group by the Regional Government of Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF. Support was also received in the form of pre-doctoral grant PD16028 awarded by the Regional Government of Extremadura's Department of the Economy and Infrastructures for doctoral training in public R&D institutions participating in the region's System of Science, Technology and Innovation in 2017. ; Peer reviewed

Blending supplementary cementitiousmaterialswith portland cement is one of the current strategies for producingmore eco-efficient binders by lowering the energy consumption and CO2 emissions intrinsic to OPCmanufacture. The effect of such additions on heat of hydration and energy performance is a subject of particular interest, for higher heatmay reduce the service life of a concrete structure,whilst energy consumption per tonne of binder or megapascal may prove not to be energy-efficient. This paper explores the energy performance of granite sludge (GS) as an active addition to clinker and the effect of this by-product on heat of hydration and ecoefficiency. The findings show that maximum heating and total heat released are lower in the additioned than in the conventional material, with the difference widening at higher replacement ratios. At 35% GS, maximum heating was 36% lower than in OPC and total heat released 24% lower. Optimal energy performance is observed at ratios of 15% to 30% (both inclusive), with the experimental materials requiring less energy (−1.6 kW·h·t−1/MPa – 0.8 kW·h·t−1/MPa) than ordinary cement per megapascal (MPa) of strength. Cements with 15% to 30% granite sludge are consequently eco-efficient. With 15% GS they can be classified as ordinary (N270 J/g at 41 h),with 20% to 30% as lowheat cements (b270 J/g at 41 h) andwith 35% as very lowheat cements (b220 J/g at 41 h). ; This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BIA2016-76643-C3-1-R) (MINECO/ERDF), as well as by the Government of Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under grant GR 18122 awarded to the MATERIA research group. ; Peer reviewed

Dissociating economic growth from the use of natural resources is imperative to the sustainable development of the construction industry. The use of secondary raw materials by processing and managing construction and demolition waste (C&DW) is one of the major challenges to transition to a circular economy. This study assessed the effect of simultaneously using cement additioned with the ceramic (fired clay-based) fraction of C&DW and recycled mixed aggregate (RMA) in concrete manufacture by analysing fresh concrete workability, density and air content and hardened concrete compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength. Regression and variance analyses were run on the findings to determine the effect of RMA and cement type and their interaction on the dependent variables. The percentage of RMA was observed to be the most significant determinant for concrete density and air content. Early age compressive strength was impacted by cement type, although strength in the later age materials was comparable to that of concrete manufactured with conventional cement. The combined effect of cement type and percentage of RMA appeared to have no significant effect on tensile or flexural strength. On the contrary, the differences observed in these properties were due to the separate effect of each factor. The findings showed that the use of cement containing C&DW additions and up to 50% RMA did not substantially compromise concrete performance. ; This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project BIA2016-76643-C3-1-R, as well as by the Government of Extremadura and ERDF under grant GR 18122 awarded to the MATERIA research group. One of the authors benefitted from Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport pre-doctoral grant FPU16/02693. ; Peer reviewed

Trabajo presentado a la International Conference on Construction Research / Eduardo Torroja: Architecture, Engineering, Concrete (AEC), celebrada en el Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (IETCC-CSIC) del 21 al 23 de noviembre de 2018. ; [EN]: Waste generation is inevitable in any line of business. In 2014, the construction industry generated on the order of 840 million tons of waste in the European Union, accounting for 35% of the EU total. Such vast quantities of waste must be correctly managed and their inclusion in new material manufacture fostered. In the context of today's circular economy, the use of recycled aggregate in new concrete has been gradually rising, amounting to 8% in civil engineering in 2014. Spain's present structural concrete code allows for replacing up to 20% of coarse natural aggregate with crushed recycled concrete. This study analyzed the feasibility of using both fine and coarse recycled aggregate in structural concrete design. The properties of the replacement material used, sourced from a waste management plant in the region of Extremadura, were laboratory determined. New concretes were subsequently designed and their fresh and hardened mechanical performance assessed. The findings showed that the simultaneous use of coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregate had no significant impact on the fresh state or mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. ; [ES]: La generación de residuos es una consecuencia inevitable de la actividad de cualquier sector. En concreto, en el sector de la construcción se generaron en torno a 840 millones de toneladas de residuos en el conjunto de la Unión Europea durante el año 2014, lo que supone en torno a un 35% de la producción total de residuos. Esta gran cantidad de residuos generados crea la necesidad de realizar y fomentar una correcta gestión de los mismos, para impulsar su inclusión en el proceso de fabricación de nuevos materiales. En este actual contexto de economía circular, la utilización de áridos reciclados en la fabricación de nuevos hormigones ha ido aumentando progresivamente en los últimos años, situándose en un 8% la utilización de estos áridos en el ámbito de la ingeniería civil en el año 2014. Actualmente, la EHE-08 permite la sustitución de hasta un 20% de la fracción gruesa de árido natural por árido reciclado procedente exclusivamente del machaqueo de hormigón. El presente trabajo de investigación pretende analizar la viabilidad de incorporar simultáneamente la fracción fina y gruesa de estos áridos reciclados en el diseño de hormigones con fines estructurales. Los áridos reciclados empleados proceden de una planta de gestión de residuos de Extremadura que son caracterizados a nivel de laboratorio para determinar sus propiedades. Posteriormente, son diseñados los nuevos hormigones evaluando sus prestaciones físicas en estado fresco y mecánicas en estado endurecido. Resultado de este trabajo, se observa que la utilización simultánea de los áridos reciclados de hormigón no afecta significativamente a las propiedades en estado fresco ni a las propiedades mecánicas. ; La investigación han sido posible gracias a las subvenciones recibidas en el proyecto "0008_ECO2CIR_4_E-Proyecto de cooperación transfronteriza para la introducción de la economía ecológica y circular mediante la prevención, mejora del reciclaje, de la gestión y de la valorización de residuos en las regiones de Centro, Extremadura y Alentejo" de la convocatoria INTERREG-POCTEP financiado por el FEDER y las ayudas a los grupos de investigación GR18122 concedidas por el FEDER y la Junta de Extremadura. ; Peer reviewed