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This study, using state data, empirically examines the factors affecting the availability of abortion providers over the period 1992–2011. The empirical results found that the labor force participation of women and the percentage of women of reproductive age in the 18–24 age group were positively associated with the number of abortion providers in a state. The level of antiabortion activities and antiabortion attitudes were negatively associated with the number of abortion providers in a state. Also, a state's abortion rate was positively associated with the number of abortion providers. The enforcement of a parental involvement law by a state significantly deters physicians or organizations from becoming or remaining abortion providers. JEL Classifications: I11, I18, K32, K38

A disproportionately large number of abortions are performed on black and Hispanic women. This study empirically investigates whether restrictive state abortion laws differentially affect the abortion demand of white, black and Hispanic women for the year 2005. A state Medicaid abortion funding restriction significantly decreases the abortion rate of all three races. However, Hispanic women's abortion demand is more sensitive to a Medicaid funding restriction than either white women or black women. Parental involvement laws and mandatory counseling laws have no significant impact on the abortion rates of the three racial groups. Two-visit laws are associated with a significant decrease in the abortion rate of white women, but have no significant effect on the abortion rates of black and Hispanic women.

This study examines the relationship between state restrictive abortion laws and the incidence of unintended pregnancy. Using 2006 data about pregnancy intentions, the empirical results found that no Medicaid funding, mandatory counseling laws, two-visit laws, and antiabortion attitudes have no significant effect on the unintended pregnancy rate, unwanted pregnancy rate, unintended pregnancy ratio, or the unwanted pregnancy ratio. Parental involvement laws have a significantly negative effect on the unintended and unwanted pregnancy rates and ratios. This latter result suggests that parental involvement laws alter teen minors' risky sexual activity and that behavioral modification has a cumulative effect on the pregnancy avoidance behavior of adult women of childbearing age. The empirical results remain robust even after controlling for regional effects, outliers, and the two different types of parental involvement laws.

Targeted Regulation of Abortion Provider laws (or TRAP laws) are state laws that apply only to abortion providers and impose on them licensing fees, physical plant/personnel regulations, and requirements that exceed those imposed on other comparable health-care providers or medical facilities. According to prochoice supporters, the explicit or implicit goal of TRAP laws is to drive abortion providers from the market and reduce the supply of abortion services. This paper examines whether a state TRAP licensing fee or a TRAP plant/personnel law also has an independent impact on women's demand for abortion over the period 1982-2005. The empirical results find that neither state TRAP law has a statistically significant independent effect on women's abortion demand. The empirical results remain robust even after controlling for time-varying factors or the time period after the Supreme Court's landmark 1992 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey decision. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract.  This study addresses the question of what the relative input relationship is between co‐authors in economics. Using the direct addilog production function, the partial elasticities of substitution between co‐authors are estimated. The empirical results suggest that co‐authors in economics are equivalent substitutes in production. The empirical results are robust whether the direct addilog production is estimated using each co‐author's research capital stock, depreciated research capital stock, impact‐adjusted research capital stock, or depreciated impact‐adjusted research capital stock.