Suchergebnisse

Child mortality has been widely perceived and addressed as a medical issue. Regardless of the fact that there has been a substantial decrease in child mortality world-wide it continues to be a concern in developing countries. Millions of children die each year due to preventable causes. This book argues that there is a clear and consistent pattern of preventable child deaths, which is, at its core, a problem of justice.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- 1. Introduction -- Mapping the Study -- Mapping the Motivations -- Mapping the Context -- 2. Theoretical Framework -- Review of Literature on German-Turkish Youth -- Evolution of the Identity Debate -- Concept of Identity -- Theories ofIdentity -- Two Models of Ethnic Identity -- Comments -- 3. Research Methodology -- Strategy -- Design -- Methods -- Considerations -- Sampling -- Problems -- Evaluation -- 4. Narrative Analysis -- Cahit -- Ali -- Adam -- Yusuf -- Gul -- Ahmet -- Fadil -- 5. Conclusions -- Selections from the Interviews -- Cahit -- Ali -- Adam -- Yusuf -- Gul -- Ahmet -- Fadil -- Bibliography.

The objective of this paper is to examine certain normative pre-modern Islamic legal rules regarding marital practices of non-Muslims, including those who later accepted Islam, as stipulated by a variety of jurists in manuals of law representing the positions of multiple legal schools. The rules regarding marital practices are particularly interesting because marriage was a highly (perhaps even the most highly) regulated feature of Islamic law, and thus rules pertaining to it shed light on broader concerns that guided the process of rule-making conducted by jurists. In conducting this analysis, I identify three overarching principles that appear to have guided Islamic marital rules pertaining to non-Muslims: (1) First, I found that there was a large degree of autonomy granted to non-Muslims in practicing their own marital customs, as long as they did not seek intervention from Islamic authorities; (2) Second, I found that most non-Islamic practices of non-Muslims that took place prior to their conversion to Islam did not pose a concern for Muslim jurists; however, practices pertaining to the parties to a marital contract were the subject of concern for Muslim jurists; and (3) Third, I found that jurists were highly concerned with keeping a certain religious hierarchy intact, especially when it came to intermarriage between Muslims and non-kitābīs. I argue that the seemingly liberal laws pertaining to non-Muslims derive from (A) a conception of the world held by jurists that is best understood as akin to imagined political communities, and (B) an interest in ensuring consistency in the law.

"This book argues that inequality of basic freedoms--economic, political, sociocultural--is a central cause of fragility and challenge to job creation in fragile geopolitical situations. ​It is based on extensive official data and stakeholder interactions in the conflict-ridden Indian border state of Jammu and Kashmir, and involves a case study research methodology. This is the first book which invokes the philosophical perspective of freedom to analyze two of the most pressing challenges of our time--fragility and job creation--and, as such, makes a fundamental contribution to both strands of academic and policy literature. From this perspective, development in the sense of freedoms--particularly the enhancement of human agency through jobs--should be a central strategy in tackling fragility. Most literature on Indian Kashmir has been emotional or political in nature, lacking the serious yet interesting multidisciplinary focus presented here--which is a historical assessment of Kashmir's political economy, economic indices, employment patterns, challenges of infrastructure and human capital. Ending with a set of long-, medium- and immediate-term policy recommendations to address the challenge of jobs in the state, this is the only book on Indian Kashmir which is at once philosophical, social-scientific and policy-oriented in nature. Academics in development studies, regional development, political science and international relations, international organizations working in fragile regions around the world, national and international policymakers, the private sector, civil society, media as well as ordinary readers interested in the issue of Kashmir will find it engaging and useful."--

This study attempted to evaluate the working of the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) and Ex-servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS) by assessing patient satisfaction as well as the issues and concerns of empanelled private healthcare providers. The study is based on a primary survey of 1,204 CGHS and 640 ECHS principal beneficiaries, 100 empanelled private healthcare providers and 100 officials of the schemes across 12 Indian cities. We have found that patients are reasonably well satisfied with the healthcare services of both empanelled private healthcare providers and the dispensaries-polyclinics but are relatively more satisfied with the former than the latter. We also found that beneficiaries are willing to pay more for better quality services. Though the schemes provide comprehensive healthcare services, the beneficiaries incur some out-ofpocket health expenditure while seeking healthcare. Furthermore, beneficiaries are not in favour of the recent proposal to replace the schemes with health insurance for several reasons. The empanelled private healthcare providers are dissatisfied with the terms and conditions of empanelment, especially the low tariffs for their services as compared to prevailing market rates and the delays in reimbursements from the schemes. We suggest that appropriate efforts be undertaken to enhance the quality of healthcare service provided in the dispensaries-polyclinics of the CGHS and ECHS as well as to address the issues and concerns of empanelled private healthcare providers to ensure better healthcare delivery and for a long-term, sustainable public-private partnership.

In this study, the authors have tried to examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between preventive health care and labour productivity and corporate profitability. While doing so, they try to generate awareness on the positive role of preventive health care in boosting the corporate sector's performance and improving the country's economy. Toward the end, based on their findings, they offer recommendations for policymakers and corporate management to promote preventive healthcare practice among employees. The primary research undertaken for this study included an electronic survey of some of the most well-established companies in the country, as well as a field-cum-electronic survey with a sample of employees in Delhi and the National Capital Region. Preventive health care holds enormous promise for the competitiveness of Indian companies, and for the country's economy in the global arena. In an era when the service sector is gaining pre-eminence, the value of the individual employee has increased more than ever before. Employees with specialized skills are the focal point on whose well-being and performance the productivity of a company rests. In a highly competitive corporate environment, companies cannot afford the absence of their employees due to sickness, caused by a sedentary lifestyle, etc., or a poor performance at the workplace due to poor health. Both as part of their corporate social responsibility and to boost their profits, a number of firms are offering preventive health care facilities to their employees. And it is on their performance, productivity and profitability that India's growth potential and global competitiveness depends substantially. Unfortunately, while the corporate sector has been quick to realize the benefits of preventive health care, policy has lagged behind and we do not yet have fiscal or other incentives that encourage prevention. While public spending on health has stagnated at 0.9 per cent of the GDP since the mid-1980s, and the government per capita health expenditure is one of the lowest in the world (US$7, as against US$2,548 in the United States), the government should focus its limited resources towards the health of the poor, and provide tax exemptions to sections which can take care of their own health needs.

Individuals should be entitled to a "fair innings", and the primary role of health systems should be the prevention of premature mortality. In India, 66 percent of all deaths are premature. The burden of premature mortality has shifted from child (0-5 years) to adult (30-69 years) level over the years - there are three times more deaths happening at the latter vis-à-vis the former level. Nevertheless, primary health systems continue to focus almost exclusively on child mortality. They need to make a health system transition and get engaged in the prevention of risk factors, morbidity and mortality related to chronic diseases - the biggest determinant of adult mortality - together with their original focus on child mortality. This paper analyzes some of the major challenges in terms of governance, manpower and financing that such a transition will be faced with, and offers a number of actionable policy recommendations. It does so based on desk and field research in four Indian states - Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (two health-backward and two health-advanced) - and four countries - Japan, Canada, United States and Sri Lanka (with varying probability of premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases) - involving semi-structured interviews with close to 200 stakeholders from policy, industry, international organizations, civil society and the academia. A reorientation of national and state health policies, systems and resources (financial, human and infrastructural) is urgently required to begin addressing the massive burden of premature mortality due to chronic diseases in India - the highest in the world - and prevent human and economic costs associated with them. State governments will have to embrace their legal responsibility of being the primary agents for the survival and health of their population. Their role is also the most critical because prevention of chronic diseases requires a sustained, long-term engagement, which neither the Centre nor international organizations could commit to. There will, however, be macro roles - visionary, regulatory, financial, technical, etc. - that the Centre will have to play towards this end.

This paper describes the status, challenges and scope for strengthening surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, morbidities and mortality in India. We draw upon the surveillance experience of four selected States of India namely Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamil Nadu to understand key requirements in relation to financing, infrastructure, human resources and governance. The public health system is grappling with resource constraints but there is room for more efforts to undertake systematic population-based chronic disease surveillance in India. Although there are no immediate policy goals to ensure population-based screening, opportunistic screening of selected chronic diseases is an important strategy under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS). However, surveillance activities under this programme are performing suboptimally due to issues related to funding constraints, operational guidelines and inadequate clinical, technical and managerial staff. It is apparent that public health system should devote additional resources towards active population-based surveillance. Besides financing, there is a need to develop institutional mechanisms for engagement of adequate human resources for surveillance and disease management. Engagement of AYUSH and community health workers (ASHAs or others) is identified as reasonable options but would require sound incentive mechanism to ensure good coverage and programme outreach. Furthermore, local support, both social and political, is critical to create a conducive environment to contact beneficiaries and for information recording. In this endeavour, private sector is identified as a potential partner that needs enabling environment to come up with services under PPP.