Suchergebnisse

The oil-rich Muslim Core, the Arab World, is far removed from a just and humane world, totally at variance with the grand promise of Islam, a perfect social contract initiated by the Prophet himself. The present article is a synopsis of a forthcoming book to be published in 2022 by Routledge. It uses a neo-Ottomanist framework for critical analysis to explain today's complex challenges facing the Islamic world. Not everyone may be happy with the neo-Ottomanist approach chosen. The author only wishes to state that his study is not anti-Arab or anti-Islam, only the work of a social realist, relying on the latest statistical and historical data as much as possible.

'Abd al-Raḥmān al-Ẓāhir (1833-1896) was an influential, dynamic Hadhrami. He was a Muslim reformer, as well as a savvy businessman and formidable diplomat. Arriving in Aceh in 1864, he embarked on both business and political endeavors, as religious and trade experiences helped develop diplomatic ties between the locals, the Ottomans, and the European powers. Although he surrendered in 1878 to the Dutch, his activities and influence were increasingly common subjects for different colonial newspapers until the middle of the 20th century. This article re-examines al-Ẓāhir's political role and his various interactions with Acehnese royal contends. It investigates his interactions with the Aceh court, the uleebalang, and the Dutch, as well as the socio-political environment that informed his surrender to the Dutch. Through investigations of numerous Ottoman, Dutch and indigenous sources, this article offers a glimpse into the reality of the indigenous responses to the decisions of this most trusted Hadhrami.

The period commencing from 1850s onwards witnessed drastic changes caused by internal and external factors both in the Ottoman state and the Sultanate of Jambi, a Malay political entity in the eastern part of Sumatra Island. Furthermore, the latter's demands of political recognition and collaboration failed to see signifiant fruit as reflected by the entrenching colonial invasion, while on the other hand, the Ottoman decline contributed to the failure of relevant recognition of Jambi's sovereignity and geographical reality. This paper analyses Ottoman conception of the geographical identification and definition of, in particular, Jambi and in general northern and eastern Sumatra Island in the second part of the 19th century. And it seeks some insight to elaborate some documents talking about a political issue between the Ottoman State and the Sultanate of Jambi. The striking point is that though the regional polities had earlier corresponded with the Ottoman court, the officials of the latter referred inconsistently to some particular places in Sumatra Island in the documents with names distinct from each other. The question is whether the Ottoman political mind devoted time and energy to critically examine the authenticity of the mentioned documents. Based on the relevant archival documents, the paper comparatively examines the geographical references distinctively mentioned in correspondences in both Arabic texts and translated forms in the Ottoman language. The confusing geographical definitions can be observed as a reflection of how the Ottoman beaureucracy unsustainably handled diplomatic issues which might have potentially been misleading representations of Malay geography. Relying on correspondences between the Sultanate of Jambi and the Ottoman State, for a period of 40 years commencing from 1860s to 1903, kept in the Ottoman archive, it is expected that this paper will draw attention, though an alternative view point on the Ottoman bureaucratic knowledge on Islamic geography in the Island of Sumatra. ...

This study examines the Qur'an schools in Malay Peninsula during the British colonial rule. It investigates how these educational institutions were perceived by the colonial rule and analyse the process of their transformation over the decades. It is also crucial to clarify the concept of Qur'an schools within the juncture of overall Islamic education centers operated not only in Malaya but also in the Archipelago, which were functional enough in the dissemination of traditional religious knowledge and values to the new generations. The colonial rule delivered new educational initiatives such as the Malay vernacular schools by implimenting various policies on the basis of a Euro-centric approach in the latter period of colonial rule. The colonial rule integrated Qur'an classes emulating partially the practice of Qur'an schools into newly established Malay vernacular schools in order to attract the interests of the Malay parents in an effort to convince them to send their children to these institutions. Although Malay families got used to these new education initiatives and register their children at these institutions, it is asserted that the secular-based vernacular schools are deemed to have caused degradation in the socio-cultural and religious structure of traditional Malay Muslim societies. In this context, this new education system is a subject matter to be studied and analyzed as a phenonemon of change in social structure. It is also worth observing the reactions of the Malay Muslim communuities during this process towards the new educational establishment. The analytical narratives of this study rely on sources produced during the colonial period and other related sources of contemporary literature ; Bu makale, İngiliz sömürge yönetimi altındaki Malay Yarımadası'ndaki Kur'an okullarını ele almaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi tarafından bu okulların algılanışı ve zamanla nasıl bir dönüşüme konu olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Sadece Malaya topraklarında değil, coğrafi olarak Malay Takımadaları olarak adlandırılan ve günümüzde Müslümanların çoğunlukta olduğu Adalar bölgesini de içeren bölgedeki diğer İslam toplumları arasında da, genel İslami eğitim kurumları içerisinde yer alan bu yapının Malay genç nesillerine geleneksel dini bilgi ve değerlerin aktarılması üzerinde durulmaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi, Avrupa merkezci bir yaklaşımın ürünü olarak gündeme gelen çeşitli politikaların eğitim kurumu üzerindeki yansıması olarak adına 'Malay yerli okulları' denilen yeni eğitim kurumları hayata geçirmiştir. Sömürge yönetimi, özellikle farklı eyaletlerde yönetim birliğinin sağlanmasıyla birlikte, söz konusu bu yeni eğitim kurumlarında, Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisini çekmek amacıyla kısmi dini eğitim verme yolunda geleneksel Kur'an okullarına benzer bir yapı oluşturarak, adına Kur'an sınıfları denilen bir uygulama başlatmıştır. Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisi zamanla bu eğitim kurumuna yönelmekle birlikte, seküler temelli bir yapı üzerine inşa edilen Malay yerli okullarının Malay-Müslüman sosyo-kültürel ve dini yapısında tedrici olarak tahribinde bir rolü olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu durumda, yeni bir eğitim sisteminin Malaya topraklarında uygulamaya konulması, bu toplumlarda toplumsal yapı üzerinde değişimlere konu olmuştur. Bu noktada, Malay Müslüman toplumunun bu süreçte gündeme getirdiği bazı tepkiler de ele alınmaya değer bir gelişmedir. Bu çalışmada gündeme getirilen tartışmalar, öncelikle sömürge döneminde üretilen bazı kaynaklar ile buna ilâve olarak konuyla ilgili çağdaş literatüre başvurularak ortaya konulmuştur.

This study examines the Qur'an schools in Malay Peninsula during the British colonial rule. It investigates how these educational institutions were perceived by the colonial rule and analyse the process of their transformation over the decades. It is also crucial to clarify the concept of Qur'an schools within the juncture of overall Islamic education centers operated not only in Malaya but also in the Archipelago, which were functional enough in the dissemination of traditional religious knowledge and values to the new generations. The colonial rule delivered new educational initiatives such as the Malay vernacular schools by implementing various policies on the basis of a Euro-centric approach in the latter period of colonial rule. The colonial rule integrated Qur'an classes emulating partially the practice of Qur'an schools into newly established Malay vernacular schools in order to attract the interests of the Malay parents in an effort to convince them to send their children to these institutions. Although Malay families got used to these new education initiatives and register their children at these institutions, it is asserted that the secular-based vernacular schools are deemed to have caused degradation in the socio-cultural and religious structure of traditional Malay Muslim societies. In this context, this new education system is a subject matter to be studied and analyzed as a phenonemon of change in social structure. It is also worth observing the reactions of the Malay Muslim communuities during this process towards the new educational establishment. The analytical narratives of this study rely on sources produced during the colonial period and other related sources of contemporary literature. ; Bu makale, İngiliz sömürge yönetimi altındaki Malay Yarımadası'ndaki Kur'an okullarını ele almaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi tarafından bu okulların algılanışı ve zamanla nasıl bir dönüşüme konu olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Sadece Malaya topraklarında değil, coğrafi olarak Malay Takımadaları olarak adlandırılan ve günümüzde Müslümanların çoğunlukta olduğu Adalar bölgesini de içeren bölgedeki diğer İslam toplumları arasında da, genel İslami eğitim kurumları içerisinde yer alan bu yapının Malay genç nesillerine geleneksel dini bilgi ve değerlerin aktarılması üzerinde durulmaktadır. İngiliz sömürge yönetimi, Avrupa merkezci bir yaklaşımın ürünü olarak gündeme gelen çeşitli politikaların eğitim kurumu üzerindeki yansıması olarak adına 'Malay yerli okulları' denilen yeni eğitim kurumları hayata geçirmiştir. Sömürge yönetimi, özellikle farklı eyaletlerde yönetim birliğinin sağlanmasıyla birlikte, söz konusu bu yeni eğitim kurumlarında, Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisini çekmek amacıyla kısmi dini eğitim verme yolunda geleneksel Kur'an okullarına benzer bir yapı oluşturarak, adına Kur'an sınıfları denilen bir uygulama başlatmıştır. Malay Müslüman ailelerin ilgisi zamanla bu eğitim kurumuna yönelmekle birlikte, seküler temelli bir yapı üzerine inşa edilen Malay yerli okullarının Malay-Müslüman sosyo-kültürel ve dini yapısında tedrici olarak tahribinde bir rolü olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu durumda, yeni bir eğitim sisteminin Malaya topraklarında uygulamaya konulması, bu toplumlarda toplumsal yapı üzerinde değişimlere konu olmuştur. Bu noktada, Malay Müslüman toplumunun bu süreçte gündeme getirdiği bazı tepkiler de ele alınmaya değer bir gelişmedir. Bu çalışmada gündeme getirilen tartışmalar, öncelikle sömürge döneminde üretilen bazı kaynaklar ile buna ilâve olarak konuyla ilgili çağdaş literatüre başvurularak ortaya konulmuştur.

Asian nations have experienced significant migration periods over the course of history commencing from the early ages of their respective histories. The major human stocks initiating their migrations on the basis of various reasons exercised the mobility and caused cultural, political and religious interactions and changes in distinct geographies. Regarding this, a particular group, the Rumis, who are identified as the seafarers and warriors in the Ottoman State, had an impact in the regions as a diasporic group exercising their professions from the West Asia through India and till Southeast Asia. This paper will briefly discuss the migrant issue of the Rumis which seems to have emerged in the early decades of the 16th century in the Asia Minor, and their travel for various reasons to the Indian Subcontinent and the Archipelago in Southeast Asia. The historical existence of the Rumis in these regions can be traced till the beginning of the 18th century. The mobilization of the Rumis is considered to have been initially based on the expansion process of the Ottoman State. Beyond this, it can be argued that the awareness of the relevant geographies, expansion of trade routes and the requirement of the skilled warriors by the sultanates adjacent to the Indian Ocean are the reasons for the smaller or larger group of the Rumis to have traveled by their own capacities under certain conditions. The Rumis who can be regarded as individual entrepreneurs have contributed to the acquaintance of the Ottomans with the relevant sultanates and their existence reveals connections, to some or larger extent, in the above-mentioned geographies.

The aim of this article is to present an analytical history of the Attahashi family of Turkish ancestry by illustrating its genealogy, whose members claim to be descendants of a Turkish ruler who is supposed to have arrived in Aceh in the late decades of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century. This attempt considers the connection to Sungai Iyu partly aligned with the eco-political developments in the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. According to the argumentation of the current generation of the family, some individuals in the family became local rulers in Lam Kabeu and Sungai Iyu during the last century of the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam. The relevant data, which sheds new light upon the traces of the Turkish existence in the region, has been acquired from various authentic written documents, oral information from various individuals including family members, and observations in field trips throughout the last decade. During the research, the author has put all his efforts to classify and comparatively examine the data from the various versions of relevant manuscripts, collected from Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, Sungai Iyu and Medan, with each other. ; Bu makalede, Açe'deki bir Türk kökenli ailenin analitik tarihi gündeme taşınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, makalede kendilerini 16. yüzyıl son dönemi veya 17. yüzyıl başları erken dönemde Açe'ye geldiği varsayılan bir Türk yöneticinin soyundan geldiğini ileri süren Attahaşi ailesinin soykütüğü üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aynı zamanda söz konusu bu ailenin doğu Açe'de Sungai Iyu adlı yerleşim yeriyle tarihsel bağlantısı çerçevesinde, 19. yüzyıl ile 20. yüzyıl başlarında ekonomik-politik gelişmelere de kısmen değinilmektedir. Ailenin halen hayatta olan fertlerinin iddialarına göre, ailenin bazı üyeleri geçmişte Açe Darüsselam Sultanlığı'nın son yüzyılında Lam Kabeu ve Sungai Iyu'da yöneticilik yapmıştır. Bu çerçevede, bölgede bugüne kadar var olduğu ifade edilen Türk varlığının toplumsal ve siyasal izlerinin aydınlatılmasına katkı sağlayacağına inanılan ilgili veriler çeşitli yazılı belgeler, sözlü açıklamalar ile saha ziyaretleri ve gözlemlere dayanmaktadır. Söz konusu araştırma sırasında ve yazım sürecinde Banda Açe, Açe Besar, Sungai Iyu ve Medan'da başvurulan ilgili belgeler karşılaştırılmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yazılı belgelerdeki bilgiler ile aile ve ilgili kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler neticesinde elde edilen bilgilerin birbirleriyle örtüştüğü görülmektedir. ; WOS:000461228300002

Survey of the Malaysian rubber sector and poverty trends 1970-83 and the NEP (new economic policy) trusteeship system with special reference to FELDA (Federal Land Development Agency). The paper concludes that in Malaysia, despite policy declarations under the NEP strategy, poverty in the rubber sector has not been eradicated. (DÜI-Sen)

The recent crisis in Turkey has been described primarily as a political crisis caused by an unworkable political system under attack from organized terrorism from both the right and the left. While this may be valid as an immediate cause, there are some structural and ideological contradictions in the Turkish economic system which must also be highlighted. These contradictions have evolved gradually over the last half century in the course of Turkey's efforts to achieve industrial and economic growth. They have been exacerbated in particular by a process of lopsided industrialization after 1960 which, as in most other developing countries, has resulted in increased poverty and unemployment while achieving overall growth rates of 6 percent or better.