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Abstract
This article analyzes six major crises in Pakistan's Indus diplomacy which shaped Pakistan's water (in)security vis-à-vis upstream rival India on the Indus river system. These include first, when Pakistan failed to comply with the Standstill Agreement of 1947; second, when it signed the Inter-Dominion Agreement; third, when it acquiesced to the Nehru-Lilienthal-favored functional approach to the Indus water dispute in 1951; fourth, when the World Bank Proposal of 1954 apportioned exclusive use of the Western Rivers to Pakistan and the Eastern Rivers to India, but Pakistan delayed accepting the Proposal; fifth, when India secured rights on the Western Rivers in the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960; and sixth, several challenges that have emerged under the Indus Waters Treaty.

AbstractThis article discusses David Lilienthal's article 'Another "Korea" in the Making?' It argues that the primary purpose behind Lilienthal's article was the containment of Soviet influence in the region of South Asia. The stated article not only initiated but deeply influenced the World Bank led Indus mediations (1951–1960) to succeed in the shape of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). This article, thus, suggests that the IWT is a product of the Cold War competition between the US and USSR. More importantly, 'Another "Korea" in the Making?' shaped the features of the IWT greatly. This article also suggests that Lilienthal was the founding architect of the IWT.

This paper gives a comprehensive analysis of hydropolitics of the region of South Asia. It discusses different types of water issues prevalent in the region. However, its primary focus is on the water disputes between India and Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, India and Nepal, and Pakistan and Afghanistan. This paper argues that water security has assumed great importance in South Asia because of the demand-supply gap of water. Such a regional water deficit is due to a number of factors which include climate change, over-population, intensive use of water in irrigation, and the changing lifestyle. This water crisis has resulted in regional co-riparian water disputes. These water disputes are gaining complexity due to different regional dynamics like power imbalances, upper-lower riparian syndrome, territorial disputes, and trust deficit. Keywords: South Asia, Hydro politics, Water, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra

This paper aims to identify the factors responsible for reluctance of centre to decentralize power and imitation of the same trend in provinces while dealing with minority ethno-lingual identities. This paper explores questions as: what is the nature of federalism in Pakistan? How federal question is dealt in the three constitutions of the republic? How different ethnic groups responded to various federal arrangements orchestrated by the managers of Pakistani state over the years? The main objectives of this paper are to develop an understanding into the challenges posed to federalism in Pakistan and to develop a more inclusive approach for addressing the federal question. The discussion generated in this paper is based upon qualitative critical analysis of existing published literature in the form of books, research articles, reports and official documents. The narrative upon which federation of Pakistan has been constructed is self-contradictory. This paper not only exposes the contradictions of this narrative but also includes societal perspective on ethnic diversity and federation of Pakistan. It has been concluded that the crisis generated by over-centralization of Pakistani state could only be resolved by ensuring the fundamental federal values like decentralization, provincial autonomy and devolution within provinces to grass root level.

This paper aims to identify the factors responsible for reluctance of centre to decentralise power and imitation of the same trend in provinces while dealing with minority ethno-lingual identities. The paper explores questions: what is the nature of federalism in Pakistan? How federal question is dealt in the three constitutions of the republic? How differently ethnic groups responded to various federal arrangements orchestrated by the managers of the state over the years? Objectives of the study are to develop an understanding into the challenges posed to federalism in Pakistan and to develop a more inclusive approach for addressing the federal question. The discussion generated in this study is based upon qualitative analysis of existing published literature in the form of books, research articles, reports, and official documents. The narrative upon which the federation of Pakistan has been constructed is self-contradictory. The paper not only exposes the contradictions of this narrative but also includes societal perspective on the ethnic diversity and federation of Pakistan. It has been concluded that the crisis generated by over-centralisation of the state could only be resolved by ensuring the fundamental federal values like decentralization, provincial autonomy, and devolution within the provinces to the grass root level.

Hydro politics is an important dimension of India Pakistan relations, overshadowed mainly by strategic issues between both states. Even the discussion on water issues is more focused on technical issues. However, the main question that arises is: Is hydro politics between India and Pakistan a problem of perceptions (intentions) or it forms part of overall strategic rivalry between both states? This paper discusses India-Pakistan water relations from the theoretical perspectives of (neo) realism, (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security school of thought. It argues that, like in general India-Pakistan political relations, it is realism/ neo-realism which still reigns supreme in explaining India-Pakistan hydro politics as well. It argues that in the wake of the Cold War, different theories emerged which undermined the traditional approaches and perspectives of realism and liberalism. These new theoretical traditions were also employed in explaining India-Pakistan political as well water relations. However, due to the competitive security of the region of South Asia in general and India-Pakistan's security dilemma in particular, the theoretical perspectives of (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security fall short in theorizing India-Pakistan water relations. To answer the question posed earlier, this paper has mostly analyzed the available literature, both theoretical and related to hydro politics, to construct the argument. Therefore, this paper concludes that instead of employing (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security, it is realism/ neo-realism which still reigns supreme in explaining India-Pakistan political as well as water relations.

This paper analyses Pakistan's lower riparian anxieties on the Indus and Indian assurances by elaborating the differing perspectives of the two states on different projects pursued by India on the western rivers; the rivers allotted to Pakistan by the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960. It argues that the water supply has reduced drastically in the last fifty years, which has resulted in a water crisis in India and Pakistan. India has started constructing different hydroelectric projects on western rivers in Jammu and Kashmir, which the treaty allows under certain conditionality. Pakistan objects to these projects as against the treaty. Pakistan considers the Indian projects a threat to its national integrity and the agriculture-based economy, as they could be used as a weapon to the detriment of downstream Pakistan. India assures Pakistan of no such intentions and defends the projects as in conformity with the Indus Water Treaty. This trust deficit between the two arch-rivals has made water disputes between them intractable.