Suchergebnisse

A discrete step steepest descent search algorithm is developed for the estimation of interregional migration rates in local areas from historical time series. Objective function values are obtained from a constrained least-squares optimization, and it is found that the dimensions of the search space correspond to the number of smoothing operations in the columns of the data input matrix. The iterative algorithm requires the use of symptomatic indicators of intercensal population and is shown to yield improved results over a simple least squares approach.

Der globale Bedarf an faserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) wächst aufgrund seiner herausragenden Eigenschaften gegenüber konventionellen Leichtbauwerkstoffen in der Automobil- sowie Luft- und Raumfahrtbranche stetig an. Für deren Endbearbeitung kommen überwiegend Fräsprozesse zum Einsatz, welche Verschnitt in Form von Faserbündeln im Mikrobereich erzeugen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz die Ressourceneffizienz zu erhöhen, ist der Einsatz der Fräspartikel als Füllmaterial in Thermoplasten.
 
Due to the outstanding material properties of fiber reinforced plastics towards conventional lightweight materials, its global demand in the automotive and the aeronautical sector is growing steadily. For the machining of final contours, milling processes are mainly utilized, which create chips in form of fiber bundles in the micro range. A promising approach to increase the resource efficiency is the use of the milling particles as filler material in thermoplastic materials.

Background and Aims The World Health Organization recommends increasing alcohol taxes as a 'best‐buy' approach to reducing alcohol consumption and improving population health. Alcohol may be taxed based on sales value, product volume or alcohol content; however, duty structures and rates vary, both among countries and between beverage types. From a public health perspective, the best duty structure links taxation level to alcohol content, keeps pace with inflation and avoids substantial disparities between different beverage types. This data note compares current alcohol duty structures and levels throughout the 28 European Union (EU) Member States and how these vary by alcohol content, and also considers implications for public health. Design and Setting Descriptive analysis using administrative data, European Union, July 2018. Measurements Beverage‐specific alcohol duty rates per UK alcohol unit (8 g ethanol) in pounds sterling at a range of different alcoholic strengths. Findings Only 50% of Member States levy any duty on wine and several levy duty on spirits and beer at or close to the EU minimum level. There is at least a 10‐fold difference in the effective duty rate per unit between the highest‐ and lowest‐duty countries for each beverage type. Duty rates for beer and spirits stay constant with strength in the majority of countries, while rates for wine and cider generally fall as strength increases. Duty rates are generally higher for spirits than other beverage types and are generally lowest in eastern Europe and highest in Finland, Sweden, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Conclusions Different European Union countries enact very different alcohol taxation policies, despite a partially restrictive legal framework. There is only limited evidence that alcohol duties are designed to minimize public health harms by ensuring that drinks containing more alcohol are taxed at higher rates. Instead, tax rates appear to reflect national alcohol production and consumption patterns.

Background A 'Health in All Policies' (HiAP) approach has been widely advocated as a way to involve multiple government sectors in addressing health inequalities, but implementation attempts have not always produced the expected results. Explaining how HiAP-style collaborations have been governed may offer insights into how to improve population health and reduce health inequalities. Methods Theoretically focused systematic review. Synthesis of evidence from evaluative studies into a causal logic model. Results Thirty-one publications based on 40 case studies from nine high-income countries were included. Intersectoral collaborations for population health and equity were multicomponent and multi-dimensional with collaborative activity spanning policy, strategy, service design and service delivery. Governance of intersectoral collaboration included structural and relational components. Both internal and external legitimacy and credibility delivered collaborative power, which in turn enabled intersectoral collaboration. Internal legitimacy was driven by multiple structural elements and processes. Many of these were instrumental in developing (often-fragile) relational trust. Internal credibility was supported by multi-level collaborations that were adequately resourced and shared power. External legitimacy and credibility was created through meaningful community engagement, leadership that championed collaborations and the identification of 'win-win' strategies. External factors such as economic shocks and short political cycles reduced collaborative power. Conclusion This novel review, using systems thinking and causal loop representations, offers insights into how collaborations can generate internal and external legitimacy and credibility. This offers promise for future collaborative activity for population health and equity; it presents a clearer picture of what structural and relational components and dynamics collaborative partners can focus on when planning and implementing HiAP initiatives. The limits of the literature base, however, does not make it possible to identify if or how this might deliver improved population health or health equity.

Die spezifischen Eigenschaften der Titanlegierung Ti-6Al-4V führen während der Zerspanung zu einem Anstieg des thermomechanischen Belastungskollektivs auf das Werkzeug. Um die Reibung und den resultierenden Wärmeeintrag in der Zerspanzone zu reduzieren, bieten mikrostrukturierte Werkzeuge einen vielversprechenden Ansatz. Diese sollen das Einsatzpotenzial von CVD-Diamant-Werkzeugen für die Zerspanung von Ti-6Al-4V steigern.
 
The specific properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V lead to an increase of the thermomechanical load on the tool during machining process. Micro-textured tools offer a promising approach to reduce friction and the resulting heat input in the contact zone. These micro-textures may increase the potential applications of CVD diamond tools for the machining of Ti-6Al-4V.

Background In the context of substantial financial disinvestment from alcohol and drug treatment services in England, our aim was to review the existing evidence of how such disinvestments have impacted service delivery, uptake, outcomes and broader health and social implications. Methods We conducted a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence (PROSPERO CRD42020187295), searching bibliographic databases and grey literature. Given that an initial scoping search highlighted a scarcity of evidence specific to substance use treatment, evidence of disinvestment from publicly funded sexual health and smoking cessation services was also included. Data on disinvestment, political contexts and impacts were extracted, analysed, and synthesized thematically. Results We found 20 eligible papers varying in design and quality including 10 related to alcohol and drugs services, and 10 to broader public health services. The literature provides evidence of sustained disinvestment from alcohol and drug treatment in several countries and a concurrent decline in the quantity and quality of treatment provision, but there was a lack of methodologically rigorous studies investigating the impact of disinvestment. Conclusions This review identified a paucity of scientific evidence quantifying the impacts of disinvestment on alcohol and drug treatment service delivery and outcomes. As the global economy faces new challenges, a stronger evidence base would enable informed policy decisions that consider the likely public health impacts of continued disinvestment.