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An evaluation of changes in the economic and SS, organization, and attitudes of American scientists since WW II. From 1940-52 non-military research expenditures increased by a factor of 4; military (including atomic) research, by a factor of 40. Yet the economic status of scientists has changed very little, e.g. new PhD's in education and industry received $2,000-3,500 before war; today, $4-5,000 in education, $6-8,000 in industry. Thus, with living costs doubled, 'industrial scientists have kept only slightly ahead of inflation, while academic scientists have been left slightly behind.' Physicists are only group whose average real pay has increased considerably, due to their absorption by industry. New 'occupational hazards' in the form of loyalty checks and security investigations beset post-war scientists. Initial waits for clearance may mean incomeless months, withdrawal of clearance even more traumatic and costly. Scientists travelling abroad are s-ibiect to special investigations and passport delays. As for till organization of scientists, the traditional 'school' headed by a 'great leader' (the 'theoretical physicists' under Niels Bohr in Copenhagen; etc.), encouraging critical thought and exploratory research, has been largely replaced by 'scientific teams.' Papers signed by 6 collaborators, with no 'senior author,' and cutting across the boundaries of individual disciplines, are now common in scientific literature. Moreover, few if any 'great leaders' have emerged since the war. Young scientists now assemble 'not around a master, but around a ...cyclotron.' Restrictions on exploratory research have more than cancelled out benefits from increased research expenditures. The 'research contract' tends to stifle exploratory investigation. The psychological outlook and attitudes of scientists are changing aster than their economic and SS. Immediately after the war they became politically active (for international control of atomic energy), since 1948, this has given way to cynicism and confusion. The majority, particularly the younger, seek refuge in apolitical professionalism, while a minority-restless, frustrated, and apprehensive, remain intensely concerned with making mankind aware of the destructive potential of modern science, and of the need for a new and rational code of political behavior. J. G. Chall.