This paper develops a model of the war against illegal drugs in both producer and consumer countries. The paper studies the trade-off faced by the government of the drug consumer country between prevention policies (aimed at reducing the demand for drugs) and enforcement policies (aimed at reducing the production and trafficking of drugs), and shows how the optimal allocation of resources between these two alternatives depends on the key parameters of the model. We use available data for the war on drugs in Colombia, and against consumption in the U.S., to calibrate the unobservable parameters of the model, such as the price elasticity of demand for cocaine; the effectiveness of prevention and treatment policies; and the relative effectiveness of interdiction efforts.
This paper develops a model of the war against illegal drugs in both producer and consumer countries. The paper studies the trade-off faced by the government of the drug consumer country between prevention policies (aimed at reducing the demand for drugs) and enforcement policies (aimed at reducing the production and trafficking of drugs), and shows how the optimal allocation of resources between these two alternatives depends on the key parameters of the model. We use available data for the war on drugs in Colombia, and against consumption in the U.S., to calibrate the unobservable parameters of the model, such as the price elasticity of demand for cocaine; the effectiveness of prevention and treatment policies; and the relative effectiveness of interdiction efforts.
La relación entre los movimientos sociales y el Estado parece estar caracterizada por un natural antagonismo y una profunda desconfianza -- Sin embargo, los cambios en los diferentes contextos sociopolíticos, en los intereses, en las formas de organización y en los avances tecnológicos, han puesto en evidencia que las características de esta relación no son inmutables -- Tanto los movimientos sociales como el Estado han sufrido diversas transformaciones con miras a satisfacer sus objetivos, que en muchos casos son comunes o requieren del acompañamiento y apoyo del otro -- Para poner en evidencia la evolución de esta relación y el actual modo de interacción entre ambos actores, se llevó a cabo un desarrollo teórico de las conceptos fundamentales como el capital social y la confianza para, posteriormente, abordar como estudio de caso la relación, durante la última década del presente siglo, de la Alcaldía de Medellín y los colectivos ciudadanos que abanderan los temas del barrismo, el ciclismo urbano y el graffiti -- A la luz de la teoría abordada y del ejercicio empírico realizado, se pretende que los hallazgos expuestos en el presente texto sirvan de insumo, tanto a los colectivos como a los gobiernos locales, para la construcción de confianza, capital social y para hacer más eficaces los espacios de interacción y participación entre ambos ; The relationship between social movements and the state seems to be characterized by a natural antagonism and deep mistrust -- However, changes in different sociopolitical contexts, in the interests, in the way civil society organizes itself and in technological advances, have proved that the characteristics of this relationship are not immutable -- Both, social movements and the state, have suffered diverse transformations aiming at satisfying their objectives, which in many cases are common or require assistance or support from each other -- To evidence the evolution of this relationship and the current manner of interaction among both actors, a theoretical development of fundamental concepts like social capital and trust was performed, to subsequently dive into the relationship between Medellín's City Hall and the citizens' collectives, which carry the banner for soccer fans, urban cycling and graffiti, in this prior decade, as a study case -- In light of the theory used and the empirical exercise performed, the intention is that the findings presented in this text serve as input, both to collectives and local governments, for trust building, social capital and to develop more effective spaces for interaction and participation among them
Las personas con experiencias de vida trans han sido objeto de exclusión, discriminación, invisibilización y violencias persistentes, por lo que constituyen grupos sociales vulnerables. A pesar de sus luchas sociales y políticas para su reconocimiento e inclusión, enfrentan prejuicios que impactan seriamente su salud y bienestar emocional. Esta tesis abordó el problema del bienestar psicológico y la desigualdad social de las personas trans por la vía del concepto de identidad comunitaria. Al ser considerada un recurso psicológico fundamental, se justificó cómo la re-construcción de identidades situadas al margen por la sociedad es una estrategia creativa que permite recuperar el estatus de un grupo y favorece sentimientos de identificación positiva por parte de quienes lo conforman. Se indicó que el funcionamiento social positivo a través de elementos de identificación, aceptación y participación son necesarios para la salud mental de grupos en condición de desventaja. Con ese propósito, se desarrollaron 14 talleres de memoria con miembros del Grupo de Acción y Apoyo a Personas Trans -GAAT- de Bogotá, Colombia, con el fin de narrar, re-construir y resignificar tanto la identidad social y personal como las circunstancias con las que se asocian. Como metodología fue empleado el modelo de la investigación-acción participativa, el cual permitió construir colectivamente memorias mediante (a) reflexión sobre las circunstancias sociales e intereses políticos presentes, (b) re-interpretación del pasado, (c) fortalecimiento de la identidad comunitaria como recurso psicosocial. Se propuso el concepto de memoria comunitaria como estrategia psicosocial de transformación y resistencia que permite restaurar identidades tradicionalmente excluidas y estigmatizadas, para buscar la inclusión social y política, aspectos fundamentales del bienestar personal y social. ; People with trans life experiences have been subjected to exclusion, discrimination, invisibility and persistent violence, making them a vulnerable social group. Despite their social and political struggles for recognition and inclusion, they face prejudices that seriously impact their health and their well-being. This thesis addressed the problem of psychological well-being and social inequality of trans people through the concept of community identity. Being considered a fundamental psychological resource, it was justified how the rebuild of identities located on the margins by society is a creative strategy that allows recovering the status of a group and increases feelings of positive identification on the part of those who make it up. It was indicated that positive social functioning through elements of identification, acceptance and participation are necessary for the mental health of disadvantaged groups. For this purpose, 14 memory workshops were developed with members of the Trans Action and Support Group -GAAT- of Bogotá, Colombia, in order to narrate, re-build and re-signify both, the social and personal identity, and the circumstances of those that are associated. As a methodology, the participatory action research model was used, which allowed to collectively build memories through (a) reflection on present social circumstances and political interests, (b) re-interpretation of the past, (c) strengthening of community identity as a psychosocial resource. The concept of community memory was proposed as a psychosocial strategy of transformation and resistance that allows to restore traditionally excluded and stigmatized identities, to seek social and political inclusion, fundamental aspects of personal and social well-being. ; Doctorado
Desde la perspectiva de la psicología comunitaria, la investigación propuso identificar y comprender las implicaciones de la patologización del diagnóstico "Disforia de Género", para la inclusión o exclusión social de las personas transgénero en el contexto colombiano, articulándose con el debate internacional sobre la despatologización de las identidades trans propuesto por distintas organizaciones sociales, a partir de la edición del DSM V y el CIE 11. Para ello se realizó inicialmente una revisión crítica, cuestionando los conceptos generales acerca de las categorías sexo, género e identidad, en relación con la experiencia de vida de las personas trans y sus significados en los diferentes contextos sociales, seguido de un análisis organizado por matrices de categorías que posibilitó develar el uso de discursos disciplinarios, políticos e identitarios, como formas de dominio e implementación de prácticas de desigualdad que se generan a partir del diagnóstico clínico. ; Abstract. From the perspective of Community Psychology the research aimed to identify and understand the implications of "Gender Dysphoria" as a pathologizing diagnosis for the inclusion or exclusion of transgender people in the Colombian context, articulating that with the international debate on depathologization of trans identities proposed by various social organizations via the DSM V and ICD 11´s edition. To achieve this, this was initially a critical, questioning the general concepts of categories sex, gender and identity in relation to the experience of trans people's lives and their meanings in different social contexts, followed by an analysis of narratives organized by matrix analysis that enabled the use of disciplinary, political and identity discourses, as forms of domination and inequality practices from clinical diagnosis. ; Maestría
This paper develops a political economy model that provides an explanation as for why ruling elites in oligarchic societies may rely on income redistribution to the poor (the masses) in order to prevent them from attempting a revolution. We refer to this
