Suchergebnisse

Gender quota is seen as the result of a affirmative action policy, focused on reducing gender bias and women underrepresentation. Proportional representation of both sexes in the public sphere, especially in politics and decision-making bodies of organisations, is seen as a democratic and economic necessity, an essential condition for developing gender sensitive policy. The paper presents analysis of initiatives to legislate gender quatas in Lithuania, by discussing the accounts used for proposals to adopt gender quatas, representing the standpoints of main political actors and identifying the obstacles of quata's legitimation.

Gender quota is seen as the result of a affirmative action policy, focused on reducing gender bias and women underrepresentation. Proportional representation of both sexes in the public sphere, especially in politics and decision-making bodies of organisations, is seen as a democratic and economic necessity, an essential condition for developing gender sensitive policy. The paper presents analysis of initiatives to legislate gender quatas in Lithuania, by discussing the accounts used for proposals to adopt gender quatas, representing the standpoints of main political actors and identifying the obstacles of quata's legitimation.

The article investigates the peculiarities of application of gender discourse to the visual propaganda of war by analysing the representations of gender roles in World War II posters and leaflets. It was necessary for propaganda intended to raise the military spirit of solders and increase productivity at home front, to highlight the symbolic boundaries between own and others (enemies) and to develop it for both war and home spaces. The article reveals dual application of gender as discursive means in war propaganda. The first part of the article discloses the analysis of gender discourse as a mobilising tool: discussing the demand for a new woman as an active war actor, identity development determined by economical decline caused by war, and analysing the use of visual images of traditional femininity in constructing hegemonic masculinity relevant to militaristic myth, and in enemy feminisation processes. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of psychologically destabilising impact of sexual images widely used in leaflets on enemy army.

The article investigates the peculiarities of application of gender discourse to the visual propaganda of war by analysing the representations of gender roles in World War II posters and leaflets. It was necessary for propaganda intended to raise the military spirit of solders and increase productivity at home front, to highlight the symbolic boundaries between own and others (enemies) and to develop it for both war and home spaces. The article reveals dual application of gender as discursive means in war propaganda. The first part of the article discloses the analysis of gender discourse as a mobilising tool: discussing the demand for a new woman as an active war actor, identity development determined by economical decline caused by war, and analysing the use of visual images of traditional femininity in constructing hegemonic masculinity relevant to militaristic myth, and in enemy feminisation processes. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of psychologically destabilising impact of sexual images widely used in leaflets on enemy army.

At the end of the 20th century, the consolidation of neoliberal principles determined the transformation of relations among state, private sector and civil society organisations by increasing the role of civil actors in decision making processes, provision of social services, representation and defence of group interests. The deficit of democracy, emerged in regard to politicians' dependence on big business, had induced social indifference and distrust on government decisions, that in turns allowed NGO to transform from peripheral actors to active advocates of public interest. These reforms encouraged the research of NGO governance from the perspectives of organisations' and managements theories. The analysis of NGO governance's concept, presented in this paper, is based on examination of main structural elements of NGO governance and assessment of organisations' accountability as part of governance processes. The main objectives of the paper are: 1) to review the main characteristics of NGO and transformations of its roles by presenting different scholars' perspectives toward NGO as deliverers of social services; 2) to discover the complexity and contextuality of NGO governance concept by summarising the current research in the context of neo liberal transformations of public administration and by analysing different models of NGO governance. The paper continues the discussion on the principles of good NGO governance by presenting the NGO governance models typology, based on two dimensions: established versus innovative and unitary versus pluralistic. The systematic analysis of scientific literature and comparative analyses were used as the main methods to achieve the objectives of the paper. [.]

This article analyses a very sensitive but rarely discussed topic – participation of deaf people in Lithuania's political life. Although in recent years deaf people have become more visible in society, practical observations show that due to the low level of education and sign language, deaf people still experience diffi­culties in integration into Lithuanian political life. The article analyses these issues: what kind of state institutions do promote and support deaf people in the country's political life? What conditions and factors could ensure equal participation of deaf people in the political life? In the first part of the article based on analysed scientific literature, the variety of the concepts of political participation, forms and typologies are provided. The second part briefly presents the institutional mechanism that supports and encourages participation of deaf people in the political life, including a special role of sign language interpreter's centres as an intermediate body between the deaf community and the state. The article also briefly introduces the research methodology, the analysis and interpretation of the results. The empirical research has shown that the head offi­cers of the centers of sign language interpreters relate participation of the deaf people in the political life to the model of the deaf as a weak person's behaviour that was formed during the Soviet period, the lack of education of this group of people and unavailability of information for deaf people. In order to improve conditions of participation of deaf people in politics, the promotion of institutional cooperation, the increased number of interpreters as well as creation of conditions which would empower deaf people to raise their level of education, to develop their positive self-esteem and the promulgation of information about these group into society are needed.

At the end of the 20th century, the consolidation of neoliberal principles determined the transformation of relations among state, private sector and civil society organisations by increasing the role of civil actors in decision making processes, provision of social services, representation and defence of group interests. The deficit of democracy, emerged in regard to politicians' dependence on big business, had induced social indifference and distrust on government decisions, that in turns allowed NGO to transform from peripheral actors to active advocates of public interest. These reforms encouraged the research of NGO governance from the perspectives of organisations' and managements theories. The analysis of NGO governance's concept, presented in this paper, is based on examination of main structural elements of NGO governance and assessment of organisations' accountability as part of governance processes. The main objectives of the paper are: 1) to review the main characteristics of NGO and transformations of its roles by presenting different scholars' perspectives toward NGO as deliverers of social services; 2) to discover the complexity and contextuality of NGO governance concept by summarising the current research in the context of neo liberal transformations of public administration and by analysing different models of NGO governance. The paper continues the discussion on the principles of good NGO governance by presenting the NGO governance models typology, based on two dimensions: established versus innovative and unitary versus pluralistic. The systematic analysis of scientific literature and comparative analyses were used as the main methods to achieve the objectives of the paper. [.]

This article analyses a very sensitive but rarely discussed topic – participation of deaf people in Lithuania's political life. Although in recent years deaf people have become more visible in society, practical observations show that due to the low level of education and sign language, deaf people still experience diffi­culties in integration into Lithuanian political life. The article analyses these issues: what kind of state institutions do promote and support deaf people in the country's political life? What conditions and factors could ensure equal participation of deaf people in the political life? In the first part of the article based on analysed scientific literature, the variety of the concepts of political participation, forms and typologies are provided. The second part briefly presents the institutional mechanism that supports and encourages participation of deaf people in the political life, including a special role of sign language interpreter's centres as an intermediate body between the deaf community and the state. The article also briefly introduces the research methodology, the analysis and interpretation of the results. The empirical research has shown that the head offi­cers of the centers of sign language interpreters relate participation of the deaf people in the political life to the model of the deaf as a weak person's behaviour that was formed during the Soviet period, the lack of education of this group of people and unavailability of information for deaf people. In order to improve conditions of participation of deaf people in politics, the promotion of institutional cooperation, the increased number of interpreters as well as creation of conditions which would empower deaf people to raise their level of education, to develop their positive self-esteem and the promulgation of information about these group into society are needed.

Straipsnyje, paremtame pusiau struktūruotų interviu su Lietuvos Seimo nariais medžiaga, analizuojama tiek bendrojo diskurso, susijusio su moterų atstovavimo politikoje stiprinimu, kaita, tiek Seimo narių konkrečiai reiškiamo požiūrio į lyčių kvotas ypatumai, pristatant formalaus struktūrinio lyčių atstovavimo sovietiniame režime patirtis ir santykinai nykstančio moterų atstovavimo požymius demokratinėje politikoje. Atskleidžiama, kad nei priklausymas politinei partijai, nei "plitimo" (angl. contagion) efektas, nei ekonominės ir socialinės plėtros veiksniai trumpuoju laikotarpiu nedaro pastebimo poveikio lyčių lygybės diskurso kaitai ir nestimuliuoja teigiamų nuostatų lyčių kvotų ar moterų atstovavimo politinėje arenoje didinimo atžvilgiu.

This paper analyzes the scientific discourse of governance and university governance within the framework of the existing concepts, it also deals with alternation of university governance in the context of European higher education regulations and directives, presents analysis of the traditional and entrepreneurial university governance models of the content aspect. It also presents the results of "International Comparative Research on University Governance Models" carried out by the paper authors emphasizing the context of Finland's higher education and university governance and the case of Lapland University. Although traditional higher education values dominate in many missions and visions of Finnish universities, internal institutional governance of the University of Lapland has recently become entrepreneurial. Good governance of the university is associated not only with distinction of administrative and academic functions, reduction of bureaucratic processes, but also with the openness of the university, good communication and understanding of the academic culture.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.

Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy and a decentralised unitary state. In 2018 on 16th of February country celebrated 100 years of the birth of modern Lithuania. In 1918 there was established an independent, modern state of people, which had to be ruled by democratically elected government. Since June 1940 country was occupied by the Soviet Union. Lithuania restored its independence on 11 March 1990. Nowadays Lithuania has the population of 2.8 million (2019) and the territory of 65 300 km2. Lithuania has got one tier local government system. It consists of 60 local authorities or municipalities. Lithuania has constitutional basics of local government, local government are regulated in the Law on Local Government, and European Charter of Local Government was signed in 1996 and ratified in 1999 without reservations. The chapter present brief historical development of local self-government in Lithuania, describes constitution, legal, administrative, financial and other local self-government issues, paying attention to such local self-government dimensions as responsibility, right to associate and protection. Also there are presented future challenges of the implementation of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in country.