Suchergebnisse

Strengths of the US census system -- found in its rules for counting persons by their place of residence, voluntary householder participation, & supervision by federal rather than local government -- have served as safeguards against biased counts. The 1980 Census was complicated by several problems, including an increase in the number of households, increased public concern about privacy & confidentiality, methods for counting aliens, & unusually intense interstate migratory activity. Population movements of the 1970s have particular significance for the realignment of congressional seats: as a result of the 1980 Census, states in the South & West will gain 17 seats lost by states in the northeast & north central regions. Criticism of the implementation of the 1980 Census is provided from a survey of 100 US cities carried out by the US Conference of Mayors. 2 Tables. D. Dunseath.

We present a comprehensive relative sea-level (RSL) database for north, central, and south-central Chile (18.5 degrees S - 43.6 degrees S) using a consistent, systematic, and internationally comparable approach. Despite its latitudinal extent, this coastline has received little rigorous or systematic attention and details of its RSL history remain largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we re-evaluate the geological context and age of previously published sea-level indicators, providing 78 index points and 84 marine or terrestrial limiting points spanning from 11 ka to the present day. Many data points were originally collected for research in other fields and have not previously been examined for the information they provide on sea-level change. Additionally, we describe new sea-level data from four sites located between the Gulf of Arauco and Valdivia. By compiling RSL histories for 11 different regions, we summarise current knowledge of Chilean RSL. These histories indicate mid Holocene sea levels above present in all regions, but at highly contrasting elevations from similar to 30 m to <5 m. We compare the spatiotemporal distribution of sea-level data points with a suite of glacial isostatic adjustment models and place first-order constraints on the influence of tectonic processes over 10(3)-10(4) year timescales. While seven regions indicate uplift rates <1 m ka(-1), the remaining regions may experience substantially higher rates. In addition to enabling discussion of the factors driving sea-level change, our compilation provides a resource to assist attempts to understand the distribution of archaeological, palaeoclimatic, and palaeoseismic evidence in the coastal zone and highlights directions for future sea-level research in Chile. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ; European Union/Durham University (COFUND under the DIFeREns 2 scheme); Millennium Nucleus CYCLO "The Seismic Cycle Along Subduction Zones" - Millennium Scientific Initiative (ICM) of the Chilean Government [NC160025]; FONDECYT (Chile)Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1190258]; US National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR-1566253, EAR-1624795, EAR-1624533]; National Geographic Society (US)National Geographic Society [8577-08]; NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [EAR-1036057, EAR-1145170, EAR1624542]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeindschaft GrantGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [JA 2860/1-1]; International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) project [639] ; Published version ; EG undertook this work while in receipt of funding from the European Union/Durham University (COFUND under the DIFeREns 2 scheme). The authors acknowledge financial support from the Millennium Nucleus CYCLO "The Seismic Cycle Along Subduction Zones" funded by the Millennium Scientific Initiative (ICM) of the Chilean Government Grant Number NC160025. Additional support for MC and DM was provided by FONDECYT (Chile), project No 1190258. TD was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) awards EAR-1566253, EAR-1624795, and EAR-1624533. LE was supported by National Geographic Society (US) Research Grant 8577-08 and NSF awards EAR-1036057, EAR-1145170, and EAR1624542. JJM was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeindschaft Grant JA 2860/1-1. The authors acknowledge PALSEA (a PAGES/INQUA working group) and HOLSEA (an INQUA project) for useful discussions at the 2019 meeting, Dublin, Ireland. We thank Nicole Khan and Matteo Vacchi for their constructive reviews. This is a contribution to International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) project 639. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The tsunami associated with the giant 9.5 M-w 1960 Chile earthquake deposited an extensive sand layer above organic-rich soils near Queule (39.3 degrees S, 73.2 degrees W), south-central Chile. Using the 1960 tsunami deposits, together with eye-witness observations and numerical simulations of tsunami inundation, we tested the tsunami inundation sensitivity of the site to different earthquake slip distributions. Stratigraphically below the 1960 deposit are two additional widespread sand layers interpreted as tsunami deposits with maximum ages of 4960-4520 and 5930-5740 cal BP. This >4500-year gap of tsunami deposits preserved in the stratigraphic record is inconsistent with written and geological records of large tsunamis in south-central Chile in 1575, 1837, and possibly 1737. We explain this discrepancy by: (1) poor preservation of tsunami deposits due to reduced accommodation space from relative sea-level fall during the late Holocene; (2) recently evolved coastal geomorphology that increased sediment availability for tsunami deposit formation in 1960; and/or (3) the possibility that the 1960 tsunami was significantly larger at this particular location than other tsunamis in the past >4500 years. Our research illustrates the complexities of reconstructing a complete stratigraphic record of past tsunamis from a single site for tsunami hazard assessment. ; Puget Sound Energy Graduate Fellowship at Central Washington University; Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey; Chilean National Fund for Development of Science and Technology (FONDECYT)Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT)CONICYT FONDECYT [1190258, 1181479]; Millennium Scientific Initiative (ICM) of the Chilean government [NC160025]; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF)National Research Foundation of Korea [EAR-1624533, EAR-1624542]; ANID PIA Anillo [ACT192169] ; Published version ; Puget Sound Energy Graduate Fellowship at Central Washington University; Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey; Chilean National Fund for Development of Science and Technology (FONDECYT), Grant/Award Numbers: 1190258, 1181479; Millennium Scientific Initiative (ICM) of the Chilean government, Grant/Award Number: NC160025; National Science Foundation (NSF), Grant/Award Numbers: EAR-1624533, EAR-1624542; ANID PIA Anillo, Grant/Award Number: ACT192169 ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee