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The paper analyzes the genesis of modern political humor and determines its position in the system of spiritual relations in society. The formation of the need to comprehend social relations by means of humor during progressive transition from traditional to modern society is investigated. We note that humor is essentially a social phenomenon. A fundamental distinction between humor formed in the modern period and humor of previous times is the presence of reflexivity. New kind of humor has also dealt with political relations began to be interpreted by means of humor culture. In the course of research we found that comic interpretation of politics became feasible due to the legislative fixation of individual rights as a part of modern political culture. The emancipated personality demonstrates more complicated expectations to a political institute and experiences acute dissatisfaction as state authorities have often made decisions not appropriate to such expectations. For the individual as sovereign entity political humor became a sort of social and psychological compensation. An author pays attention to the fact that the social subject having shown such a reaction was formed during the second half of XIX and the beginning of XX centuries because of the dissemination of the print media and was named «the audience». The audience became a key agent of humorous reflection about the political institute. As a case that grounds the applicability of this theory to the practice the paper considers the example of inclusion of specific comic genre (political caricature) in the social discourse in the West and in Russia.

In the process of providing combat operations, the designs of military equipment products are subject to significant effects of both regular and non-regular dynamic loads, which can lead to their mechanical destruction. Among the dynamic loads acting on military hardware products, it is possible to identify short-term, caused by explosive and shock effects, and long-term vibrational loads that arise during transportation. As a result, there is the problem of ensuring the conservation of mechanical products of military equipment under dynamic impacts during the preparation and conduct of combat operations. The impact of a shock wave on military hardware products has a complex dynamic nature, depending on the wave parameters and the features of the object under consideration. Various results of this impact are possible, such as product destruction, turnover, change in the nature of motion, and others. The conservability of products with respect to the air shock wave is established experimentally. In addition to explosive loads, shock loads affect military equipment. In accordance with this, consider the local and general action of the thrust. Local action is characterized by the occurrence of local deformations and structural damage. The general action is accompanied by significant general deformations and destruction of the entire construction. The effect of prolonged vibration loads on military hardware products is mainly related to transportation processes. With prolonged cyclic loading, the destruction of the material of the structural elements can occur also at a stress amplitude less than the elastic limit. The article gives a definition of embedded mechanical systems and formulates their basic properties, which allow us to propose a hypothesis that in order to ensure the mechanical storage of products subject to dynamic influences, it is necessary to use embedded mechanical systems. Based on the nesting principle of mechanical systems, a method for increasing the retentivity of military equipment was proposed. The use of nested mechanical systems makes it possible to ensure the mechanical retention of military equipment by reducing the total energy supplied to the allowable value for the product to be stored. ; В процесі забезпечення бойових дій, конструкції виробів військової техніки піддаються значним діям як штатних так і не штатних динамічних навантажень, які можуть привести до їх механічного руйнування. Серед динамічних навантажень, що діють на вироби військової техніки, можна виділити короткочасні, такі, що викликаються вибуховими і ударними діями, і тривалі вібраційні навантаження, що виникають в процесі транспортування. У зв'язку з цим існує проблема забезпечення механічної збереженості виробів військової техніки при динамічних діях. У роботі дано визначення вкладеним механічним системам і сформульовані їх основні властивості, які дозволяють висунути гіпотезу про те, що для забезпечення механічної збереженості виробів, схильних до динамічних дій, необхідно застосовувати вкладені механічні системи. На підставі принципу вкладеності механічних систем запропонований метод підвищення збереженості виробів військової техніки. Вживання вкладених механічних систем дозволяє забезпечити механічну збереженість виробів військової техніки, шляхом зниження підведеної повної енергії до допустимої для зберігання виробу.

An analysis of the existing regulatory framework for the involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine to participate in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency situation that led to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. The tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine forces in accordance with the normative-legal documents regulating the activity of the National Guard of Ukraine in case of announcement of a state of emergency in the event of an emergency situation are revealed and determined, the dependence and sequence of involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces through the imposition of a state of emergency is determined. The analysis of the inconsistency of the governing documents on the involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces, which are conducted in military units by the plans of joint action of the SES, the AFU, the MRF, and civil protection units. The problematic aspects of the legal base of involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine in participation in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency are highlighted.The National Guard of Ukraine as a successor to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs took on a considerable number of tasks, but the legal framework on many issues remained from the Internal Troops, although the organizational structure of the National Guard of Ukraine has been radically changed: equipment has been increased and logistical support of units and individual servicemen of special forces units has been improved. In the lights of events taking place in the territory of Ukraine there is an increased risk of terrorist threats, which in turn can lead to emergencies that will lead to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. There is a need to take into account the location of hazardous objects in the territory of Ukraine when planning special operations to eliminate the consequences of an emergency situation from the available forces and means of units of the National Guard of Ukraine located within the area of imposition of emergency. ; Проведено аналіз наявної на цей час нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації, що призвела до введення надзвичайного стану на окремих територіях України. Проаналізовано також керівні документи стосовно залучення сил Національної гвардії України, які ведуться у військових частинах, з приводу їх відповідності планам спільних дій Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій, Збройних Сил України, Державної прикордонної служби України, підрозділів цивільного захисту. Висвітлено проблемні аспекти нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації.

An analysis of the existing regulatory framework for the involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine to participate in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency situation that led to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. The tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine forces in accordance with the normative-legal documents regulating the activity of the National Guard of Ukraine in case of announcement of a state of emergency in the event of an emergency situation are revealed and determined, the dependence and sequence of involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces through the imposition of a state of emergency is determined. The analysis of the inconsistency of the governing documents on the involvement of the National Guard of Ukraine forces, which are conducted in military units by the plans of joint action of the SES, the AFU, the MRF, and civil protection units. The problematic aspects of the legal base of involvement of units and units of the National Guard of Ukraine in participation in the elimination of the consequences of an emergency are highlighted.The National Guard of Ukraine as a successor to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs took on a considerable number of tasks, but the legal framework on many issues remained from the Internal Troops, although the organizational structure of the National Guard of Ukraine has been radically changed: equipment has been increased and logistical support of units and individual servicemen of special forces units has been improved. In the lights of events taking place in the territory of Ukraine there is an increased risk of terrorist threats, which in turn can lead to emergencies that will lead to the imposition of a state of emergency in certain territories of Ukraine. There is a need to take into account the location of hazardous objects in the territory of Ukraine when planning special operations to eliminate the consequences of an emergency situation from the available forces and means of units of the National Guard of Ukraine located within the area of imposition of emergency. ; Проведено аналіз наявної на цей час нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації, що призвела до введення надзвичайного стану на окремих територіях України. Проаналізовано також керівні документи стосовно залучення сил Національної гвардії України, які ведуться у військових частинах, з приводу їх відповідності планам спільних дій Державної служби України з надзвичайних ситуацій, Збройних Сил України, Державної прикордонної служби України, підрозділів цивільного захисту. Висвітлено проблемні аспекти нормативно-правової бази щодо залучення частин і підрозділів Національної гвардії України до участі в ліквідації наслідків надзвичайної ситуації.

Context. Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) give us the chance to study both their extreme physics and the star-forming galaxies in which they form. Aims. GRB 100418A, at a redshift of z = 0.6239, had a bright optical and radio afterglow, and a luminous star-forming host galaxy. This allowed us to study the radiation of the explosion as well as the interstellar medium of the host both in absorption and emission. Methods. We collected photometric data from radio to X-ray wavelengths to study the evolution of the afterglow and the contribution of a possible supernova (SN) and three X-shooter spectra obtained during the first 60 h. Results. The light curve shows a very fast gamma-ray burst: individual: GRB100418A; supernovae: individual: GRB100418A; galaxies: dwarf; ISM: abundances; ISM: kinematics and dynamicsoptical rebrightening, with an amplitude of ∼3 magnitudes, starting 2.4 h after the GRB onset. This cannot be explained by a standard external shock model and requires other contributions, such as late central-engine activity. Two weeks after the burst we detect an excess in the light curve consistent with a SN with peak absolute magnitude M = -18.5 mag, among the faintest GRB-SNe detected to date. The host galaxy shows two components in emission, with velocities differing by 130 km s, but otherwise having similar properties. While some absorption and emission components coincide, the absorbing gas spans much higher velocities, indicating the presence of gas beyond the star-forming regions. The host has a star formation rate of SFR = 12.2 M yr, a metallicity of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.55, and a mass of 1.6⊙ ×⊙ 10 M. Conclusions. GRB 100418A is a member of a class of afterglow light curves which show a steep rebrightening in the optical during the first day, which cannot be explained by traditional models. Its very faint associated SN shows that GRB-SNe can have a larger dispersion in luminosities than previously seen. Furthermore, we have obtained a complete view of the host of GRB 100418A owing to its spectrum, which contains a remarkable number of both emission and absorption lines.© ESO 2018. ; AdUP, CCT, KB, DAK, LI, and ZC acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity under grant number AYA 2014-58381-P; in addition, AdUP and CCT from Ramon y Cajal fellowships (RyC-2012-09975 and RyC-2012-09984). DAK also acknowledges financial support from Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion fellowship IJCI-2015-26153. RF acknowledges support from European Regional Development Fund-Project >Engineering applications of microworld physics> (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000766). IB, IKh, RB, and SM acknowledge TUBITAK, IKI, KFU, and AST for partial support in using RTT150. This work was partially funded by the subsidy 3.6714.2017/8.9 allocated to Kazan Federal University for the state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities. TK acknowledges support from the DFG cluster of excellence >Origin and Structure of the Universe>. PS acknowledges support through the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany. RSR acknwoledges support from ASI (Italian Space Agency) through Contract n. 2015-046-R.0 and from European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under the AHEAD project (grant agreement n. 654215). The Cosmic Dawn Center is funded by the DNRF. Based on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, in the island of La Palma. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. This work is based on observations carried out under project number U051 with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. IRAM is supported by INSU/CNRS (France), MPG (Germany), and IGN (Spain). Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. This work is based on observations made with the Spitzer Space Telescope, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under a contract with NASA. Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech. The UKIRT data were pipeline processed at the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit, and are archived at the Wide Field Astronomy Unit at the Royal Observatory Edinburgh This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester.