Suchergebnisse

Research and Development as well as science and technology are key elements for innovation, and more generally are some among many areas that are becoming global. This reduces the influence of individual countries or blocs such as the European Union (EU) on developments both at home and abroad but also generates important benefits through specialization, trade and competition. R&D and science & technology are still strongly focused on the 'Triad' countries overall. However, this pattern is weakening fast, as especially the large emerging economies' role in global science, technology and innovation continues to increase. Following this reasoning, Brazil deserves special attention due its economic strength, accounting for almost 38% of Latin American GDP (IMF, 2013), and its huge entrepreneurship potential (Arruda, 2015). Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to examine in a first step the Innovation Systems of Brazil and Europe, then to show in a second step, how joint activities and programs can address the needs for a fruitful cooperation in international innovation in order to strengthen both Innovation Systems. For the first aspect, the paper provides an examination of Innovation Systems of Brazil and European countries based on library resources, articles, reports and other secondary data. The OECD bibliography will be the guideline to understand the Innovation Systems of the relevant countries. Regarding the second aspect, the EU Horizon 2020 funded project CEBRABIC - Centre for Europe-Brazil Business & Innovation Cooperation - will be elucidated. CEBRABIC aims at enhancing the cooperation in research, technology and entrepreneurship between the EU member states and Latin America's leading economy, Brazil. CEBRABIC will be a Centre working on a network basis: creating synergies and complementarities is the core value; particularly with European research and innovation (R&I) structures located in Brazil.

Contexte : Au vu des enjeux environnementaux globaux, l'Amazonie brésilienne attire depuis des décennies des chercheurs du monde entier. Depuis plus de30 ans, différents réseaux bilatéraux se sont structurés entre chercheurs européens et brésiliens, se spécialisant sur des thèmes spécifiques: hydrologie, géophysique, écologie (Barlow et al.), 2010, utilisation des sols (Gardner et al., 2013), politiques publiques (Duarte et al., 2010).Rares sont les échanges entre ces réseaux. Faisant l'hypothèse que les politiques publiques ont besoin d'une vision plus intégrative pour appuyer un développement durable des sociétés amazoniennes (Bursztyn et al., 2004), le projet Odyssea propose de construire un observatoire des dynamiques environnements-sociétés en Amazonie, pour capitaliser et croiser les nombreux résultats obtenus par ces réseaux. Le principal enjeu que le projet aborde est l'adaptation aux changements environnementaux (Malhi et al., 2008), avec l'objectif de réduire la vulnérabilité des populations locales. Les chercheurs sont conscients que l''intégration des données de différents domaines (hydrologie, qualité de l'eau, stock de carbone, usages des sols, santé, pauvreté, bien-être, etc), devra se faire à partir des demandes des décideurs politiques, des institutions de développement et des populations locales, pour proposer un observatoire qui soit adapté aux attentes et nécessités (Lemoisson et Passouant, 2012). Un processus de mobilisation est prévu, dans 5 sites (Santarem, Amapa, Nordeste du Pará, Amazonas et région de la BR-163), pour que les institutions locales et les chercheurs du projet puissent construire progressivement un ensemble d'indicateurs, adapté aux enjeux spécifiques de chacun des sites. Problématique et originalité: Alors que le projet débute, les chercheurs se confrontent à un "paradoxe": comment s'appuyer sur les nombreuses et riches données et informations déjà existantes (ou en cours de collecte) sans ces données et informations ne prédéterminent trop la direction que prendra l'observatoire? Comment faire fi des trajectoires scientifiques passées pour être attentifs aux demandes actuelles et potentiellement nouvelles qu'auront les acteurs localement? Comme le projet s'intéresse à l'adaptation aux changements environnementaux et souhaite initier une forte interaction avec les acteurs locaux, l'adoption d'une posture de recherche qui permette l'adaptabilité et l'exploration est fondamentale. Objectif: Au travers d'une grille d'évaluation des défis de l'observatoire Odyssea, la communication veut partager les réflexions de notre collectif d'une centaine de chercheurs pour configurer l'observatoire et pour renforcer le dialogue avec les acteurs locaux (décideurs politiques, institutions de développement, populations locales). Méthode: Le projet commençant, nous ne proposons pas une évaluation ex post, mais la construction a priori d'une grille de lecture commune des défis du projet permettra a posteriori d'évaluer le succès et les limites de notre initiative. Pour la construire, nous nous appuyons sur les débats qui ont eu lieu lors du lancement du projet, sur les finalités de l'observatoire Odyssea, sur les risques que nous devons appréhender, et sur la manière de favoriser plus d'adaptabilité. La méthode s'assimile aux exercices de prospectives territoriales (Jouvenel, 2009) ou de construction de scénarios (Nitsch, 2002; Van Asselt et al., 2002; Patel et al., 2007), où la question "du comment stimuler la créativité tout en restant réaliste" est centrale. (Texte intégral)

Ageratum fastigiatum is a plant of the genus Asteraceae, a family that includes about thirty tropical plants. Studies about A. fastigiatum have increased mainly due to its pharmacological and ethnobotanical relevance, as well as studies that have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts of such plant and their use in pest control and insecticide production. Such aspects are relevant due to the constant demand for new drugs and the need to corroborate its traditional use, however, the literature still lacks studies that gather the main findings about a plant with so much potential. Thus, this review aimed to present the botanical, ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of the plant in order to provide an overview about the plant's state-of-the-art and to contribute to future studies regarding Ageratum fastigiatum. Through this literature review, it was demonstrated that the botanical and identification aspects of A. fastigiatum are well defined and registered among researchers and that A. fastigiatum is a plant whose biological action has demonstrated great potential for both commercial and public health applications , which makes it extremely attractive. However, the number of studies was relatively small, which proves to be a plant still very little explored.

Keywords: Brazilian Cerrado. Ethnopharmacology. Herbal Medicine. Medicinal Plants.

Resumo
Ageratum fastigiatum é uma planta do gênero Asteraceae, família que reúne cerca de trinta plantas tropicais. Os estudos a respeito da A. fastigiatum têm aumentado principalmente devido à relevância farmacológica e etnobotânica bem como estudos que demonstraram efeitos anti-inflamatórios de diferentes extratos da planta e o uso destes no controle de pestes e produção de inseticidas. Tais aspectos são relevantes diante da demanda constante de novas drogas e da necessidade de corroborar com o uso tradicional da planta, contudo, a literatura ainda carece de um trabalho onde estejam reunidos os principais achados a respeito de uma planta com tanto potencial. Assim, esta revisão teve como objetivo apresentar os aspectos botânicos, etnobotânicos, fitoquímicos e farmacológicos da planta a fim de proporcionar um panorama sobre o estado da arte sobre a mesma e contribuir para estudos futuros a respeito da Ageratum fastigiatum. Por meio da presente revisão de literatura, foi demonstrado que os aspectos botânicos e de identificação da A. fastigiatum são bem definidos e registrados entre pesquisadores e que a A. fastigiatum é uma planta cuja ação biológica demonstrou grande potencial para aplicações tanto comerciais quanto de saúde pública, o que a torna extremamente atrativa. Contudo, a quantidade de estudos foi relativamente pequena o que demonstra ser uma planta ainda muito pouco explorada.

Palavras-chave: Cerrado Brasileiro. Etnofarmacologia. Fitoterapia. Medicina. Plantas Medicinais.

The Amazonian floodplain is among the most productive and diversified ecosystems in the world. The moving littoral enables a rapid nutrient recycling, explaining the large productivity and biodiversity of the system. Attracted by such favourable conditions for agricultural activities and fishing, populations have settled in the floodplains and developed complementary activities to cope with important variations in their environment, between the flood season and the dry season. However, in the past decades, the rhythm of these floodplains has changed, obliging the actors to deal with great uncertainty. Based on several years of hydrological and biogeochemical studies to understand the reasons of these environmental changes, the "life scientists" of our team invited the "social scientists" with the following question: Can the results about the dynamics of these floodplains help local populations better anticipate the future fluctuations of the river and adapt their activities to be less vulnerable to such change? To address this, we first chose to turn the perspective around: what were the preoccupations and strategies of local populations and what did they expect from scientists? The challenge was to enable the perceptions and knowledge of local populations to dialogue with scientific knowledge. Based on a Companion Modelling approach, we engaged a participatory process to collectively discuss the current situation and possible future scenarios. Using a role-playing game as an interface for this dialogue, we have progressively built a model to integrate both the knowledge of the local actors regarding their practices and possible environmental impacts and the knowledge of the scientists on environmental dynamics. This has obliged researchers to learn to work together and simplify their knowledge, and requires finding common points of interest with local populations, translating "biodiversity" into concrete issues that have a meaning for local actors. (Texte intégral)

Plectranthus neochilus é uma erva aromática conhecida popularmente como boldo-gambá, usada na medicina popular para tratar dispepsia e insuficiência hepática, usada também com efeito analgésico e anti-inflamatório. Tendo em vista o uso popular da planta, torna-se importante a investigação farmacológica dos compostos isolados de P.neochilus. A avaliação da Citotoxicidade em plantas é de extrema importância para posterior utilização em medicamentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar concentrações não citotóxicas de 1,6-di-O-acetil-9-deoxiforscolina um composto isolado análogo a forscolina oriundo do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas e caules de P.neochilus e avaliar se este diterpeno possuicapacidade antioxidante. Para o teste de citotoxicidade foi utilizado o ensaio de viabilidade com sangue total, foi feita a coleta de sangue de 5 voluntários hígidos, e confeccionadas 6 culturas, sendo a primeira controle a segunda um controle de DMSO, que foi utilizado como solvente para o diterpeno e 4 culturas em concentrações diferentes do diterpeno, 40, 20, 10 e 5μg/ml, seguiu-se o protocolo de lise de hemácias com cloreto de amônio e marcou-se com azul de tripan, posteriormente, foi feita a leitura por citometria de fluxo. Também foi analisada a capacidadeantioxidante do diterpeno por meio da determinação do poder de redução do íon ferro, FRAP (do inglês Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) em que é analisada a produção do íon Fe2+ a partir da redução do íon Fe3+ presente no complexo 2,4,6-tripiridil-s-triazina (TPTZ). Quando o ocorre a redução, há alteração de cor na solução, a avaliação é realizada por espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 593 nm. Os resultados demonstraram que nas concentrações testadas, 40, 20, 10 e 5 μg/ml o diterpeno extraído da planta P. neochilus não apresentou citotoxicidade seletiva a nenhuma população leucocitária avaliada (linfócitos, monócitos e neutrófilos) e ainda apresentou grande capacidadeantioxidante. Mais estudos devem ser realizados evidenciando os potenciais farmacológicos da planta P. neochilus, bem como de substâncias isoladas a partir de extratos da planta.Palavras-chave: Diterepeno. Citotoxidade. antioxidanteAbstractPlectranthus neochilus is an aromatic herb popularly known as boldo- opossum, used in folk medicine to treat dyspepsia and hepatic insufficiency, also used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. In view of the popular use of the plant, it becomes important the pharmacological investigation of the compounds isolated from P.neochilus. The evaluation of plant cytotoxicity is of extreme importance for subsequent use in medicinal products. The objective of this study is to evaluate non-cytotoxic concentrations of 1,6-di-O-acetyl-9-deoxyphosphine an isolated compound analogous to forskolin from the hydroalcoholic extract of P.neochilus leaves and stems and to evaluate whether this diterpene has antioxidant capacity. For the cytotoxicity test, the whole blood viability assay was performed, blood was collected from 5 healthy volunteers, and 6 cultures were made, the second control being a DMSO control, which is the diterpene solvent and 4 cultures at different concentrations of diterpene, 40, 20, 10 and 5 μg / ml, followed by the protocol of red blood cell lysis with ammonium chloride and labeled with tripan blue, and then read by flow cytometry. The antioxidant capacity of diterpene was also analyzed by means of the determination of the iron ion reductionpower (FRAP) in which Fe2 + ion production is analyzed from the Fe3 + ion present in complex 2, 4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ). When the reduction occurs there is a color change in the solution, turning to an intense purple, the evaluation is performed by spectrophotometer at wavelength of 593 nm. The results demonstrated that at the tested concentrations, 40, 20, 10 and 5 μg / ml diterpene extracted from the plant P. neochilus did not present selective cytotoxicity to any leukocyte population evaluated (lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils) andstill presented a great antioxidant capacity. Further studies should be performed evidencing the pharmacological potentials of the plant P. neochilus, as well as of substances isolated from extracts of the plant.Keywords: Diterpene, cytotoxicity, antioxidant .