Suchergebnisse

En este trabajo el autor rastrea la influencia de Aristóteles en Vico, especialmente en el plano de la ética y en el de la política, donde la felicidad de la comunidad se realiza a través de la amistad de los individuos. ; In this work the author seeks the influence of Aristotle in Vico, particularly in the field of ethics and politics, where happiness of the community is achieved through friendship among individuals.

In this work, the author analyses the concept of "Reason of State" in two italian writters: Niccola Macchiavelli and Giovani Botero. This concept as well the "ways of goverment", concept have haid an important impact not only in the State and Politic theory but also in the understanding and in the policy practice. The "Reason of State" considerer has three main sbstancial elements: construction, manteinance and expansion of the State. It is not only focused in a better way of goverment, but in the ways of understanding politic and public choise. Macchiavelli and Botero ofter one of the most modern and contemporany reflexions on this topic, not only because of the theorical foundamentations, but also, because of taking this into public practice. ; En este trabajo se trata de analizar el concepto de "razón de Estado" en dos escritores italianos, Nicolás Maquiavelo y Giovani Botero. Este concepto, junto con el de "formas de gobierno" han tenido un impacto importante, no sólo en la teoría del Estado y de la política, sino en el entendimiento y en la formación práctica política mundial. La razón de Estado tiene como elementos principales tres cuestiones: la construcción, el mantenimiento y la expansión del Estado. No se centra únicamente en la mejor forma de gobierno, sino que refiere, directamente, a tres modos de entender la política y la cosa pública. Tanto Maquiavelo como Botero, ofrecen una de las reflexiones más modernas y contemporáneas de este tema, no sólo por su planteamiento teórico, sino por su preocupación por llevarlo a la práctica.

XML-based vertical standards are an emerging compatibility standard for describing business processes and data formats in specific industries that have emerged in the past decade. Vertical standards, typically implemented using eXtensible Markup Language (XML), are incomplete products in constant evolution, continually adding functionality to reflect changing business needs. Vertical standards are public goods because they are freely obtained from sponsoring organizations without investing resources in their development, which gives rise to linked collective action dilemmas at the development and diffusion stages. Firms must be persuaded to invest in development without being able to profit from the output, and a commitment to ensure the diffusion of the standard must be secured from enough potential adopters to guarantee success. In this paper, the authors explore organizational drivers for participation in vertical standards development activities for supply- and demand-side organizations (i.e., vendors and end-user firms) in light of the restrictions imposed by these dilemmas.

Vertical standards focus on industry-specific product and service descriptions, and are generally implemented using the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). Vertical standards are complex technologies with an organizational adoption locus but subject to inter-organizational dependence and network effects. Understanding the assimilation process for vertical standards requires that both firm and industry-level effects be considered simultaneously. In this paper, the authors develop and evaluate a two-level model of organizational assimilation that includes both firm and industry-level effects. The study was conducted in collaboration with OASIS, a leading cross-industry standards-development organization (SDO), and with ACORD, the principal SDO for the insurance and financial services industries. Results confirm the usefulness of incorporating firm-level and community-level constructs in the study of complex networked technologies. Specifically, the authors' re-conceptualization of the classical DoI concepts of relative advantage and complexity are shown to be appropriate and significant in predicting vertical standards assimilation. Additionally, community-level constructs such as orphaning risk and standard legitimation are also shown to be important predictors of assimilation.

Acknowledgments -- Foreword by Richard J. Chacon -- 1. Introduction Rubén G. Mendoza and Linda Hansen -- Part I - Recent Archaeological Evidence 2. Blood Tribute, Earth Offerings, and the Formative Origins of Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica Rubén G. Mendoza and Gary Velasco -- 3 Shifting Perspectives on Human Sacrifice at Midnight Terror Cave, Belize Cristina Verdugo, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, and James E. Brady -- 4. Ritual Human Sacrifice Among the Tarascans of West Mexico Cinthia Marlene Campos, José Luis Punzo-Díaz, and Carlos Karam Tapia -- Part II - Iconographic and Contextual Evidence 5. Portals to the Gods: Reciprocity, Sacrifice, and Warfare in the Northern Mixteca Carlos Rincón Mautner -- 6. The Hacha, Decapitation Sacrifice, and Classic Veracruz History Rex Koontz -- 7. Blood and Water: A Mesoamerican Social Cement Annabeth Headrick -- 8. Divine Combat, Warrior Merchants, and Ritual Sacrifice in the Mesoamerican Epiclassic, AD 750-1050 Lucha de Luna Martínez -- 9. The Harvest of Souls: Mimesis, Materiality, and Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica Rubén G. Mendoza -- Part III - Emerging Theoretical Perspectives 10. Filled with Divine Fire: Mesoamerican Human Sacrifice and Costumed Rituals as Acts of Deicide Mark Wright -- 11. Bodily Transformation and Sacralization: Human Sacrifice in Southwestern Mesoamerica Javier Urcid -- 12. Human Sacrifice at Tula: Reputation, Representation, and Reality Keith Jordan -- 13. The Myth of the Willing Human Sacrifice: The Complex Nature of Human Sacrifice in Aztec Ceremonialism Linda Hansen Part IV - The Ethnographic Present 14. Indigenous Sacrifice in the Christian Language: Among the Communities of the Northern Mixteca, Oaxaca, Mexico Carlos Rincón Mautner -- 15. Deicide and Fertility in Ch'orti' Maya Myth and Ritual Kerry Hull -- Index.

Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- Overview of Chapters -- References -- 2 Violence, Warriors, and Rock Art in Bronze Age Scandinavia -- Introduction -- Rock Art, Economy, and Society in the Bronze Age (BA) -- Regions and Chronology -- Images of Violence, Warfare, and Weapons -- The Maritime Factor -- Rock Art Social Positions and Maritime Agency -- Conclusion: Rock Art, Warfare, and Long Distance Trade -- References -- 3 Societal Dynamics of Prestate Societies of the North Central European Plains, 500-1000 CE: A Model -- Introduction -- Theoretical Assumptions and Working Definitions -- Analysis of Data -- Status Markers -- Settlement Patterns -- Compounds and Small Villages -- Fortified Settlements: Fortified Villages and Forts -- Fortified Villages -- Villages Turned Forts -- Newly Constructed Forts -- Tornow Forts (TSA) -- Two-Component Forts (Early Towns) -- Discussion -- Leaders and Social Ranking in the North Central European Plain, 500-1000 CE -- Multi-agent Organization of the North Central European Plain, Late 600s-800s CE -- Political Organization in the NCEP, 500-1000 CE: A Model -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Trade and State Formation in Ancient East African Coast and Southern Zambezia -- Introduction -- Defining the State -- The Medieval Swahili State -- The Coast's Relationship with the Hinterland -- The Emergence of the State in Southern Zambezia -- The Pastoral and Agrarian Origins of the Zimbabwean State -- Great Zimbabwe: A Territorial State? -- Discussion: Pathways to the State on the East African Coast and Southern Zambezia -- References -- 5 Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: A View from Göbekli Tepe -- Introduction -- Upper Mesopotamia: A Shift from Periphery to Center

The decision to publish scholarly findings bearing on the question of Amerindian environmental degradation, warfare, and/or violence is one that weighs heavily on anthropologists. This burden stems from the fact that documentation of this may render¡indigenous communities vulnerable to a host of predatory agendas and hostile modern forces. Consequently, some anthropologists and community advocates alike argue that such culturally and socially sensitive, and thereby, politically volatile information regarding Amerindian-induced environmental degradation and warfare should not be reported. This admonition presents a conundrum for anthropologists and other social scientists employed in the academy or who work at the behest of tribal entities. This work documents the various ethical dilemmas that confront anthropologists, and researchers in general, when investigating Amerindian communities. The contributions to this volume explore the ramifications of reporting--and, specfically, --of non-reporting instances of environmental degradation and warfare among Amerindians. Collectively, the contributions in this volume, which extend across the disciplines of archaeology, anthropology, ethnohistory, ethnic studies, philosophy, and medicine, argue that the non-reporting of environmental mismanagement and violence in Amerindian communities generally harms not only the field of anthropology but the Amerindian populations themselves

Status rivalry and warfare in the development and collapse of classic Maya civilization / Matt O'Mansky and Arthur A. Demarest -- Aztec militarism and blood sacrifice : the archaeology and ideology of ritual violence / Rubén G. Mendoza -- Territorial expansion and primary state formation in Oaxaca, Mexico / Charles S. Spencer -- Images of violence in Mesoamerican mural art / Donald McVicker -- Circum-Caribbean chiefly warfare / Elsa M. Redmond -- Conflict and conquest in pre-hispanic andean south america : archaeological evidence from northern coastal Peru / John W. Verano -- The Inti Raymi Festival among the Cotacachi and Otavalo of highland Ecuador : blood for the earth / Richard J. Chacon, Yamilette Chacon, and Angel Guandinango -- Upper Amazonian warfare / Stephen Beckerman and James Yost -- Complexity and causality in Tupinambá warfare / William Balée -- Hunter-gatherers' aboriginal warfare in western Chaco / Marcela Mendoza -- The struggle for social life in Fuego-Patagonia / Alfredo Prieto and Rodrigo Cárdenas -- Ethical considerations and conclusions regarding indigenous warfare and ritual violence in Latin America / Richard J. Chacon and Rubén G. Mendoza