Suchergebnisse

Over the past 40 years of economic reform that commenced in 1978 with international economic exposure, China's pace of economic development has been high and sustained. That rapid economic growth has not been uniform; urban regions have grown faster than rural regions, which has had several consequences. Three of those consequences that have caught the attention of the Chinese government are labour shortages in coastal areas, rural urbanisation and rural–urban income inequality. In that light, rural land tenure arrangements, as an important institutional factor, can affect rural households' decisions about work locations and, in turn, their income. The Rural Land Registration and Certification (RLRC) program is pertinent in that regard. The program, in the context of the 'three rights' separation reform, aims to provide enhanced land tenure security, thereby encouraging labour movement and boosting household income. This thesis seeks to investigate the effects of rural land tenure arrangements, in particular the RLRC program, on Chinese rural households' work location choices and income. For that purpose, rural households' work location choices are divided into employment in distant urban areas (outside the county) and in local urban areas (within the county). Using primary data from a purpose-designed survey administered in Shandong and Hebei Provinces in September 2016, three models are developed in relation to work location choices. The first is a logit model of a household's choice of a family member working as a migrant in distant urban areas, while the second model is a Poisson model of the number of migrants in a household. The third is a logit model that investigates an individual's choice between working in local and distant urban areas. Finally, an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis tests the effects of land tenure arrangements on rural household income derived from different income sources. The findings suggest that the RLRC program has promoted rural to urban migration and has had some positive effects on household income. A third finding indicates that individuals prefer to work in distant urban areas, hampering urbanisation in rural regions. These findings have policy implications for the central and local governments in China.

With the continuous expansion of COVID-19, many medical experts with the characteristics of "Internet Celebrities" are increasingly influencing people's vaccination behavior, which is crucial for overall social welfare. To explore the influence of Internet celebrity medical experts on people's vaccination against COVID-19, this study constructed a conceptual model of COVID-19 vaccination intention based on the professionalism, morality, interaction dimension, and information content of Internet celebrity medical experts, to generate perceived value by establishing a trusting relationship between them and the influenced people. The empirical analysis shows that interactivity and information content are important factors determining the influence of Internet celebrity medical experts. In the context of high demands for COVID-19 vaccines, it is more effective to influence vaccination intention through strong demand than through generating trust. The empirical analysis shows that Internet celebrity medical experts have a significant role in COVID-19 vaccination, and interactivity and information content are two important factors determining the influence. Through the connection of information-demand, Internet celebrity medical experts can greatly influence the perceived value, by coaction with trust to influence the final intention. Therefore, the COVID-19 vaccination persuasion information released by Internet celebrity medical experts should be elaborately organized and demonstrated, especially from the demand aspect, and government could put more resources to support the information to spread.

IntroductionA decreased frequency of unprotected sex during episodes of concurrent relationships may dramatically reduce the role of concurrency in accelerating the spread of HIV. Such a decrease could be the result of coital dilution – the reduction in per‐partner coital frequency from additional partners – and/or increased condom use during concurrency. To study the effect of concurrency on the frequency of unprotected sex, we examined sexual behaviour data from three communities with high HIV prevalence around Cape Town, South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional survey from June 2011 to February 2012 using audio computer‐assisted self‐interviewing to reconstruct one‐year sexual histories, with a focus on coital frequency and condom use. Participants were randomly sampled from a previous TB and HIV prevalence survey. Mixed effects logistic and Poisson regression models were fitted to data from 527 sexually active adults reporting on 1210 relationship episodes to evaluate the effect of concurrency status on consistent condom use and coital frequency.ResultsThe median of the per‐partner weekly average coital frequency was 2 (IQR: 1–3), and consistent condom use was reported for 36% of the relationship episodes. Neither per‐partner coital frequency nor consistent condom use changed significantly during episodes of concurrency (aIRR=1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–1.24 and aOR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.38–2.68, respectively). Being male, coloured, having a tertiary education, and having a relationship between 2 weeks and 9 months were associated with higher coital frequencies. Being coloured, and having a relationship lasting for more than 9 months, was associated with inconsistent condom use.ConclusionsWe found no evidence for coital dilution or for increased condom use during concurrent relationship episodes in three communities around Cape Town with high HIV prevalence. Given the low levels of self‐reported consistent condom use, our findings suggest that if the frequency of unprotected sex with each of the sexual partners is sustained during concurrent relationships, HIV‐positive individuals with concurrent partners may disproportionately contribute to onward HIV transmission.