Suchergebnisse

Abstract This study aims to present several additional factors concerning analyses which have favored a macro-economic approach. The continuing expansion of the railway system from 1861 to 1870 did not provide an occasion for the development of national production. From 1885-1890, after a period of reduced investments largely due to government hesitations, the Italian economy was increasingly able to respond to the demand for railways. As a result of its efforts, the peninsula possessed, on the eve of 1914, the technical knowledge and the production capacity soon put to profit by the arm's and other industrial sectors.

Résumé : Au début des années 1850, les chemins de fer devaient attirer à eux une partie du trafic navigable. Cette étude analyse les principales phases de la concurrence batellerie-compagnies ferroviaires D'une façon générale, cette lutte a conduit à un abaissement des tanfs pour le transport des produits pondéreux sur les axes les plus fréquentés, maib, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, elle a décliné et le rôle de la navigation intérieure durant les périodes de crise économique s'est modifié. Avant 1907-1908, toute difficulté conjoncturelle entraînait une diminution des frets et un accroissement du trafic navigable Après cette date, les chemins de fer furent capables de proposer des tarifs compétitifs et d'attirer ainsi une partie des transports. La place de la batellerie aurait pu être plus importante si le plan Freycinet n'avait pas été partiellement appliqué et si des mesures rationnelles avaient été prises en faveur de l'exploitation des canaux.

Abstract : The paper examines how Italy has been successful in developing a particular industry : the steam locomotive industry. Until the early 1880s, the peninsola had to import successively locomotives from Great Britain (1850-1860) France (1860-1875) and Germany (1875-1885). The pioneer enterprises of Italy - Ansaldo and Stabilimento di Pietrarsa - could not product on large scale. But, during the period 1885-1905- the italian production took off thanks to several factors : the signature of the railway conventions in 1885 ; the intervention of the commercial banks created in 1894 (Banca Commerciale Italiana, Credito Italiano) ; the increase of the domestic market and the training of the unskilled manpower. New firms have been founded (Breda ; Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno ; Officine Meccaniche di Milano) and, before 1914, the national production was able to supply all locomotives to the State's railway administration. This take off could have been more important if protectionism «a rovescio» - protectionism that taxed more semimanufactured products than machinery - had not been adopted in 1887.