Through an analysis of the relationship between legislation and language, equal rights laws, and parliament and language, the author maintains that the integration of women as subjects, which has led to the inclusion of the word that designates half of the human race –woman– in constitutional texts which define the political pact of citizenship at the highest level, as well as in national and regional laws concerning the equality of women and men, should necessarily be reflected in the language of every norm. The definition of laws as norms of a general nature which apply equally to all people without exception was developed, particularly, as part of a break with a system whose general rule was that of discrimination. Therefore, if one of the main criteria of laws is quality, the gender perspective should also be incorporated, since language plays a decisive role vis-à-vis the interpretation of the contents, something which has been understood in the laws of equality cited in this study. Language should reflect reality, in this case, the existence of women and men, and adapt itself –just as institutions do in other fields– to the changes which occur. ; El análisis de la relación entre legislación y lenguaje, las leyes de igualdad, y parlamento y lenguaje, permite mantener a la autora que la integración de las mujeres como sujetos que ha dado lugar a la inclusión de la palabra que designa a la mitad del género humano, «mujer», en los textos constitucionales que definen el pacto político de ciudadanía al más alto nivel y el desarrollo normativo de la igualdad de mujeres y hombres en leyes estatales y autonómicas, debe, necesariamente, tener su reflejo en el lenguaje de toda norma. La definición de la ley como norma de carácter general que se aplica por igual sin distinción a todas las personas fue buscada, singularmente, como parte de la ruptura con un orden cuya regla general era la discriminación. Por ello, si uno de los conceptos que se tienen en cuenta en las leyes es la calidad, se debe integrar también la ...
Este artículo fue defendido como Ponencia en el II Curso Internacional de Derecho Parlamentario, organizado por la Asamblea Nacional de Panamá y la Asociación Española de Letrados de Parlamentos (AELPA), celebrado en la Ciudad de Panamá los días 7 a 9 de julio de 2008. ; El análisis de la relación entre legislación y lenguaje, las leyes de igualdad, y parlamento y lenguaje, permite mantener a la autora que la integración de las mujeres como sujetos que ha dado lugar a la inclusión de la palabra que designa a la mitad del género humano, «mujer», en los textos constitucionales que definen el pacto político de ciudadanía al más alto nivel y el desarrollo normativo de la igualdad de mujeres y hombres en leyes estatales y autonómicas, debe, necesariamente, tener su reflejo en el lenguaje de toda norma. La definición de la ley como norma de carácter general que se aplica por igual sin distinción a todas las personas fue buscada, singularmente, como parte de la ruptura con un orden cuya regla general era la discriminación. Por ello, si uno de los conceptos que se tienen en cuenta en las leyes es la calidad, se debe integrar también la perspectiva de género en lo que atañe al lenguaje que juega un papel decisivo en la interpretación de sus contenidos, como así ha sido entendido en las leyes de igualdad que se han citado a lo largo de este estudio. El lenguaje debe reflejar la realidad, en este caso la existencia de mujeres y hombres, adaptándose –como así lo hacen las academias en otros campos– a los cambios que en la misma se producen. ; Through an analysis of the relationship between legislation and language, equal rights laws, and parliament and language, the author maintains that the integration of women as subjects, which has led to the inclusion of the word that designates half of the human race –woman– in constitutional texts which define the political pact of citizenship at the highest level, as well as in national and regional laws concerning the equality of women and men, should necessarily be reflected in the language of every norm. The definition of laws as norms of a general nature which apply equally to all people without exception was developed, particularly, as part of a break with a system whose general rule was that of discrimination. Therefore, if one of the main criteria of laws is quality, the gender perspective should also be incorporated, since language plays a decisive role vis-à-vis the interpretation of the contents, something which has been understood in the laws of equality cited in this study. Language should reflect reality, in this case, the existence of women and men, and adapt itself –just as institutions do in other fields– to the changes which occur.
La formación del estado y su ordenamiento jurídico se ha realizado por los varones con exclusión de las mujeres, la igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres no ha sido un principio fundamental del derecho ni del sistema político. El derecho a la igualdad descansa sobre presupuestos de naturaleza cultural y filosófica que tratan al hombre como el sujeto universal y a la mujer como una categoría específica. La teoría feminista del derecho coincide en la crítica de estos presupuestos pero existen grandes diferencias en cuanto se pretende abordar un modelo teórico alternativo para resolver la desigualdad de género-sexo. La aprobación de la Constitución, la adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico a los principios y valores constitucionales y el feminismo académico han posibilitado la aparición de los estudios de género en el ámbito del derecho. ; The formation of the State and its legal order has been undertaken by the male community with the result of female exclusion; neither the law nor the political system has considered equality between men and women as a fundamental principle. The right to equality lies on the questioning of the philosophical and cultural claims which consider men as the universal subject and women as a specific category. Within Feminist legal theory there are great differences when it comes to an alternative theoretical proposal to solve the problem of gender vs. sex. The proclamation of the Constitution, the adaptation of the legal framework to the principles and constitutional values, and academic feminism have made for the development of gender studies in the field of law.
The formation of the State and its legal order has been undertaken by the male community with the result of female exclusion; neither the law nor the political system has considered equality between men and women as a fundamental principle. The right to equality lies on the questioning of the philosophical and cultural claims which consider men as the universal subject and women as a specific category. Within Feminist legal theory there are great differences when it comes to an alternative theoretical proposal to solve the problem of gender vs. sex. The proclamation of the Constitution, the adaptation of the legal framework to the principles and constitutional values, and academic feminism have made for the development of gender studies in the field of law. ; La formación del estado y su ordenamiento jurídico se ha realizado por los varones con exclusión de las mujeres, la igualdad entre los hombres y las mujeres no ha sido un principio fundamental del derecho ni del sistema político. El derecho a la igualdad descansa sobre presupuestos de naturaleza cultural y filosófica que tratan al hombre como el sujeto universal y a la mujer como una categoría específica. La teoría feminista del derecho coincide en la crítica de estos presupuestos pero existen grandes diferencias en cuanto se pretende abordar un modelo teórico alternativo para resolver la desigualdad de género-sexo. La aprobación de la Constitución, la adaptación del ordenamiento jurídico a los principios y valores constitucionales y el feminismo académico han posibilitado la aparición de los estudios de género en el ámbito del derecho.
El de igualdad ha sido un concepto muy elaborado por la doctrina, pero continúa resultando interesante profundizar en su conceptuación jurídica y, de modo simultáneo, distinguirlo de otros conceptos que han dado lugar a mucha confusión y que, en especial tratándose de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, en ocasiones no han contribuido al avance de la igualdad. Sobre todo, existe una confusión notable entre los conceptos de igualdad e identidad. La igualdad formal ha demostrado su incapacidad para solucionar los valores del Estado social y su estricta aplicación puede llegar incluso a desvirtuar los postulados del mismo; la eliminación de la discriminación va a ser, por consiguiente, el elemento que interactúe entre la voluntad del legislador y el operador jurídico para conseguir la igualdad real. El reconocimiento de la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, y la dificultad para implantar la igualdad real, ha sido el motivo fundamental para adoptar las políticas de igualdad, como instrumentos ordenados a eliminar los obstáculos que impiden que las mujeres y los hombres ejerzan su derechos y libertades en condiciones de igualdad. Una de las políticas de igualdad que se ha desarrollado en los últimos años son las acciones positivas, que ha tenido una contestación por algunos sectores que entienden que estas políticas perjudican a los hombres. Se trata de medidas específicas de intervención que actúan sobre las barreras sociales que dificultan la igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres. Su objetivo es equilibrar y compensar las diferencias sociales que produce la discriminación social que puedan sufrir uno u otro sexo, generalmente las mujeres. A pesar de que exista un cierto consenso en relación a la necesidad de adoptar medidas para conseguir la igualdad real entre mujeres y hombres, existe también una cierta indefinición legal respecto a la concreción de las acciones positivas y una controversia doctrinal en torno a su legitimación, que no facilita la puesta en marcha de acciones que contribuyan a la eliminación de la discriminación por razón de sexo. ; Equality is a concept that jurisprudence has elaborated on significantly. However, it is still relevant to delve into its legal conceptualisation and, simultaneously, to tell it apart from other concepts giving rise to a number of confusing scenarios where, despite the general aim of achieving equality between women and men, little advance has been attained. Notably, there is remarkable confusion among the concepts of equality and identity. Formal equality has proved its inability to address the values of the social State. Indeed, its strict application may even distort the principles it puts forward. The elimination of discrimination, then, becomes the element interacting between the will of the legislator and the legal agents in order to achieve real equality. The recognition of equality between men and women, together with the difficulties of implementing such real equality, have been the main reason to adopt equality policies, that is, tools aiming at the elimination of the obstacles that prevent women and men from exercising their fundamental rights and freedoms equally. One of those equality policies applied during the last years is the so-called positive actions, which have been contested by a number of sectors under the premise that they are harmful for men. These policies stand as specific intervention measures on the different social barriers hindering equal opportunities for men and women. Their aim is to compensate the social differences emerging from social discrimination that either sex may experience, remarkably women. Despite the generally broad consensus on the necessity to adopt measures in order to achieve equality between women and men, a general lack of legal definition regarding the characterisation of positive actions together with an academic controversy on its very legitimation seem to undermine the implementation of those actions contributing to the elimination of gender discrimination. ; La elaboración de este trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto de investigación más amplio, financiado por un convenio de colaboración entre el Instituto de la Mujer y la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón, dirigido a elaborar una herramienta de consulta legal on line con la normativa internacional, europea, estatal y autonó- mica en materia de igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres.
With the growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and residential photovoltaic (PV) systems around the world, the distribution system operators (DSOs) are facing several technical challenges on their network planning and operation, particularly on low-voltage grids. As the aggregators are intermediary actors at that system level, they are a promising figure to coordinate these devices in an aggregated manner to help to mitigate adverse effects like overloading of network assets. However, to do so, proper coordination techniques among these entities and the DSO should be developed to avoid further investments in new network assets. In this context, a centralised coordination strategy among aggregators at the DSO level is proposed. By employing a linear programming model, the optimal export limit of PV and charging profile for each aggregator is dictated by the DSO, maintaining the operational limits of the network assets. A case study on two aggregators with moderate and critical penetration levels was carried out. Results show that, by controlling the aggregated export limit of PV power and the aggregated charging rate of EVs, high penetration levels can be integrated into current networks with minor or no need for reinforcing network infrastructure. ; The authors also would like to thank the Basque Government (GISEL research group IT1191-19) and the UPV/EHU (GISEL research group 18/181) for their support in this work
To coordinate the operation of the different generating units, storage systems and loads belonging to a microgrid, typically a Microgrid Control System (MGCS) is needed. This MGCS defines the set points to be delivered to the controllable devices to guarantee the appropriate operation of the microgrid both from the technical and the economic perspectives. The MGCS must be able to operate the microgrid in islanded mode, grid-connected, and withstand the transitions between the two operatingmodes. Recently two international standards have been approved dealing with microgrid con-trollers, "IEEE 2030.7-2017 – IEEE Standard for the Specification of Microgrid Control-ler" and "IEEE 2030.8-2018 - IEEE Standard for the Testing of Microgrid Controllers". ; The research leading to this publication has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 654113 via the Trans-national Access (TA) User Project 05.024-2018.
El objeto del presente informe es aplicar la perspectiva de género a la LFPV. Su objetivo es garantizar el derecho fundamental a la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres con su próxima reforma o, tal y como se recomienda, con la aprobación de un nuevo texto legislativo que derogue el anterior. Con su elaboración se da cumplimiento a la Resolución de 2 de mayo de 2016, de la consellera de Justicia, Administración Pública, Reformas Democráticas y Libertades Públicas, por la que se constituyó una comisión encargada de estudiar la reforma de la LFPV con perspectiva de género y elaborar el segundo plan de igualdad de mujeres y hombres en la Función Pública Valenciana.
This study is intended to show the future voltage control strategy designed in the framework of the ELECTRA Integrated Research Programme (IRP) project for the web-of-cells (WoC) concept. This scheme, called post-primary voltage control, aims to keep the node voltages at any time within the bands defined by the regulations and to minimise the power losses in the system by calculating the optimal voltage set-points for the different nodes. The reactive power will mainly be used to restore the voltages but also active power could be delivered in some cells depending on their voltage levels. Different operating modes of the voltage control will be discussed taking both planning and the real-time operation phases into account. The application of the voltage control strategy to one test grid considered as representative of the WoC structure will also be shown in this study. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007– 2013) under grant agreement no. 609687.
PowerDynamics.jl is a Julia package for time-domain modeling of power grids that is specifically designed for the stability analysis of systems with high shares of renewable energies. It makes use of Julia's state-of-the-art differential equation solvers and is highly performant even for systems with a large number of components. Further, it is compatible with Julia's machine learning libraries and allows for the utilization of these methods for dynamical optimization and parameter fitting. The package comes with a number of predefined models for synchronous machines, transmission lines and inverter systems. However, the strict open-source approach and a macro-based user-interface also allows for an easy implementation of custom-built models which makes it especially interesting for the design and testing of new control strategies for distributed generation units. This paper presents how the modeling concept, implemented component models and fault scenarios have been experimentally tested against measurements in the microgrid lab of TECNALIA. ; This research has been performed using the ERIGrid Research Infrastructure and is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innova-tion Programme under the Grant Agreement No. 654113. The support of the European Research Infrastructure ERIGrid and its partner TECNALIA is very much appreciated. We further acknowl-edge the Support by BMBF(CoNDyNet2FK.03EK3055A), the DFG (ExSyCo-Grid, 410409736), the Leibniz competition (T42/2018) and the Federal Ministry of Economics (MAriE, FK. 03Ei4012B).
This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 'Definition of Functional Scenarios'. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios: Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets, Microgrids & energy communities, Sector coupling, Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems, Aggregation and flexibility management, and Digitalisation, which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 'Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles' addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current ...
