Suchergebnisse

"This book investigates how Uyghur-related violent conflict and Uyghur ethnic minority identity, religion, and the Xinjiang region more broadly, became constituted as a 'terrorism' problem for the Chinese state. Building on securitization theory, Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS), and the scholarly definitional debate on terrorism, it develops the concept of terroristization as a critical analytical framework for the study of historical processes of threat-construction. Investigating the violent events reported in Xinjiang since the early 1980s, the evolving discursive patterns used by the Chinese state to make sense of violent incidents, and the crackdown policies that the official terrorism discourse has legitimized, the book demonstrates how the securitization, and later terroristization, of Xinjiang and the Uyghurs, is the result of a discursive and political choice of the Chinese state. The author reveals the contingent and unstable nature of such construction, and how it problematizes the inevitability of the rationale behind China's 'war on terror', that has prescribed a brutal crackdown as the most viable approach to governing the tensions that have historically characterized China's rule over the Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities in Xinjiang. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of the politics of contemporary China, security and ethnic minority issues, International Relations and Security, as well as those adopting discursive approaches to the study of security, notably those within the critical security and terrorism studies fields"--

"This book investigates how Uyghur-related violent conflict and Uyghur ethnic minority identity, religion, and the Xinjiang region more broadly, became constituted as a 'terrorism' problem for the Chinese state. Building on securitization theory, Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS), and the scholarly definitional debate on terrorism, it develops the concept of terroristization as a critical analytical framework for the study of historical processes of threat-construction. Investigating the violent events reported in Xinjiang since the early 1980s, the evolving discursive patterns used by the Chinese state to make sense of violent incidents, and the crackdown policies that the official terrorism discourse has legitimized, the book demonstrates how the securitization, and later terroristization, of Xinjiang and the Uyghurs, is the result of a discursive and political choice of the Chinese state. The author reveals the contingent and unstable nature of such construction, and how it problematizes the inevitability of the rationale behind China's 'war on terror', that has prescribed a brutal crackdown as the most viable approach to governing the tensions that have historically characterized China's rule over the Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities in Xinjiang. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of the politics of contemporary China, security and ethnic minority issues, International Relations and Security, as well as those adopting discursive approaches to the study of security, notably those within the critical security and terrorism studies fields"--

Cet article analyse la définition systématique adoptée par l'État chinois des troubles violents liés aux Ouïghours au Xinjiang comme relevant du « terrorisme ». L'étude attire l'attention sur le fait que les incidents violents en lien avec les Ouïghours dans la région du Xinjiang – et ailleurs en Chine – ne sont souvent pas aussi prémédités, politiques et aveugles que le suggère le terme « terroriste » par lequel l'État chinois les désigne. Entre les caractéristiques réelles de ces événements et la manière dont le « terrorisme » a été défini par le monde académique en tant que catégorie de violence organisée et préméditée qui vise aveuglément les civils à des fins politiques, il y a un décalage que nous analyserons. L'article soutient que l'État chinois utilise une approche basée sur les acteurs au travers et en vertu de laquelle de nombreux cas de violences liées aux Ouïghours sont représentés comme relevant du terrorisme non pas en raison des caractéristiques de la violence elle-même, mais en raison de l'appartenance ethnique de ceux qui y sont impliqués (à savoir donc les Ouïghours). L'article conclut qu'une telle représentation est analytiquement fallacieuse et politiquement dangereuse.

Este artículo analiza los factores estratégicos que resultaron en el fracaso de la campaña guerrillera lanzada por el Che Guevara en Bolivia en los años 1966 y 1967. El artículo examina los errores estratégicos cometidos por el Che, que resultaron en el aislamiento rural y urbano de la guerrilla, y su desconexión del entorno político boliviano. Entre ellos, la elección de Bolivia como lugar para establecer un foco revolucionario, la decisión de comenzar la campaña en el sureste del país, o la incapacidad de Guevara para recabar apoyos en la izquierda boliviana o el movimiento minero. Asimismo, se valora cómo el contexto internacional de la época, con la ruptura sino-soviética en ciernes y una creciente influencia estadounidense en Latinoamérica, afectaron al desarrollo de los acontecimientos. El artículo concluye que la fallida campaña del Che demostró la inviabilidad de exportar la teoría del foco insurgente a un escenario diferente al de Cuba ; This article analyses the strategic factors that resulted in the failure of the guerrilla campaign launched by Che Guevara in Bolivia in the years 1966 and 1967. The article examines the strategic miscalculations committed by Che, which resulted in the rural and urban isolation of the guerrillas, as well as their disconnection from the Bolivian political spectrum. Among these miscalculations, the choice of Bolivia as the place to launch a revolutionary foco, the decision to start the campaign in the southeast of the country, or the inability of Guevara to gather support from the Bolivian left or the miners movement. The paper also weighs up on how the international context of the time, with the Sino-Soviet split and a growing American influence in Latin America, affected the course of events. The article concludes that the failed revolution of Che in Bolivia proved the unfeasibility of exporting the insurgency theory of the foco to a scenario different from that of Cuba

16 pags., 7 figs. -- OCIS codes: (110.4500) Optical coherence tomography; (110.6880) Three-dimensional image acquisition; (330.7322) Visual optics, accommodation; (100.2960) Image analysis; (330.7327) Visual optics, ophthalmic instrumentation ; The full shape of the accommodating crystalline lens was estimated using custom three-dimensional (3-D) spectral OCT and image processing algorithms. Automatic segmentation and distortion correction were used to construct 3-D models of the lens region visible through the pupil. The lens peripheral region was estimated with a trained and validated parametric model. Nineteen young eyes were measured at 0-6 D accommodative demands in 1.5 D steps. Lens volume, surface area, diameter, and equatorial plane position were automatically quantified. Lens diameter & surface area correlated negatively and equatorial plane position positively with accommodation response. Lens volume remained constant and surface area decreased with accommodation, indicating that the lens material is incompressible and the capsular bag elastic. ; European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement (ERC-2011-AdG- 294099); Spanish Government (FIS2011-25637); Spanish Government (FIS2014-56643-R). ; Peer Reviewed

7 pags., 3 figs., ; Optical spectromicroscopies, which can reach atomic resolution due to plasmonic enhancement, are perturbed by spontaneous intensity modifications. Here, we study such fluctuations in plasmonic electroluminescence at the single-atom limit profiting from the precision of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. First, we investigate the influence of a controlled single-atom transfer from the tip to the sample on the plasmonic properties of the junction. Next, we form a well-defined atomic contact of several quanta of conductance. In contact, we observe changes of the electroluminescence intensity that can be assigned to spontaneous modifications of electronic conductance, plasmonic excitation, and optical antenna properties all originating from minute atomic rearrangements at or near the contact. Our observations are relevant for the understanding of processes leading to spontaneous intensity variations in plasmon-enhanced atomic-scale spectroscopies such as intensity blinking in picocavities. ; A.R. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 771850) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894434. P.M. acknowledges support from the A.v. Humboldt Foundation, the ERC Synergy Program (grant no. ERC-2013-SYG-610256, Nanocosmos), the Spanish MICCIN (PID2020-115987RJ-I00), and the "Comunidad de Madrid" for its support to the FotoArt-CM Project S2018/NMT-4367 through the Program of R&D activities between research groups in Technologies 2013, cofinanced by European Structural Funds.

12 pags., 14 figs., 1 tab. ; Purpose. To characterize the geometrical properties of keratoconic corneas upon intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation, using custom-developed optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods. Ten keratoconic corneas were measured pre- and post-ICRS surgery (7, 30, and 90 days). Corneal topographic and pachymetric maps were obtained from three-dimensional (3D) images acquired with OCT, provided with custom algorithms for image analysis, distortion correction, and quantification. The 3D positioning of the ICRS was also estimated longitudinally, relative to the pupil center and iris plane. Results. Preoperatively, the average corneal radii of curvature were 7.02 ± 0.54 mm (anterior) and 5.40 ± 0.77 mm (posterior), and the minimum corneal thickness was 384 ± 60 μm. At 90 days, the average corneal radii of curvature were 7.26 ± 0.53 mm (anterior) and 5.44 ± 0.71 mm (posterior), and the minimum corneal thickness was 396 ± 46 μm. ICRS implantation produced a significant decrease of corneal power (by 1.71 ± 1.83 diopters [D] at 90 days). Corneal irregularities (defined by high order Zernike terms of the corneal elevation maps) and the corneal thickness distribution decreased in some patients and increased in others. The 3D ICRS depth matched the planned ICRS depth well (within 23.93 ± 23.49 μm). On average, ICRS showed an overall tilt of -6.8 ± 2.6° (temporal) and -2.1 ± 0.8° (superior) at 7 days. Conclusions. Spectral OCT (sOCT) provided with distortion correction and analysis tools, is an excellent instrument for evaluating the changes produced by ICRS in keratoconic corneas, and for analyzing the 3D ICRS position during the follow up. ICRS produced flattening on the anterior corneal surface, although the benefit for corneal surface regularization varied across patients. © 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. ; Supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- 2013)/European Research Council Grant Agreement Number 294099. This study has been also supported by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain (Grants FIS2011-25637, CEN-2091021), ´ and European Union Grant EURHORCs-ESF (SM). Authors also acknowledge Unidad Asociada IO-CSIC/FJD.

12 pags., 14 figs., 1 tab. ; Purpose. To characterize the geometrical properties of keratoconic corneas upon intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation, using custom-developed optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods. Ten keratoconic corneas were measured pre- and post-ICRS surgery (7, 30, and 90 days). Corneal topographic and pachymetric maps were obtained from three-dimensional (3D) images acquired with OCT, provided with custom algorithms for image analysis, distortion correction, and quantification. The 3D positioning of the ICRS was also estimated longitudinally, relative to the pupil center and iris plane. Results. Preoperatively, the average corneal radii of curvature were 7.02 ± 0.54 mm (anterior) and 5.40 ± 0.77 mm (posterior), and the minimum corneal thickness was 384 ± 60 μm. At 90 days, the average corneal radii of curvature were 7.26 ± 0.53 mm (anterior) and 5.44 ± 0.71 mm (posterior), and the minimum corneal thickness was 396 ± 46 μm. ICRS implantation produced a significant decrease of corneal power (by 1.71 ± 1.83 diopters [D] at 90 days). Corneal irregularities (defined by high order Zernike terms of the corneal elevation maps) and the corneal thickness distribution decreased in some patients and increased in others. The 3D ICRS depth matched the planned ICRS depth well (within 23.93 ± 23.49 μm). On average, ICRS showed an overall tilt of -6.8 ± 2.6° (temporal) and -2.1 ± 0.8° (superior) at 7 days. Conclusions. Spectral OCT (sOCT) provided with distortion correction and analysis tools, is an excellent instrument for evaluating the changes produced by ICRS in keratoconic corneas, and for analyzing the 3D ICRS position during the follow up. ICRS produced flattening on the anterior corneal surface, although the benefit for corneal surface regularization varied across patients. © 2013 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc. ; Supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- 2013)/European Research Council Grant Agreement Number 294099. This study has been also supported by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain (Grants FIS2011-25637, CEN-2091021), ´ and European Union Grant EURHORCs-ESF (SM). Authors also acknowledge Unidad Asociada IO-CSIC/FJD.

Custom high-resolution high-speed anterior segment spectral domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provided with automatic quantification and distortion correction algorithms was used to characterize three-dimensionally (3-D) the human crystalline lens in vivo in four subjects, for accommodative demands between 0 to 6 D in 1 D steps. Anterior and posterior lens radii of curvature decreased with accommodative demand at rates of 0.73 and 0.20 mm/D, resulting in an increase of the estimated optical power of the eye of 0.62 D per diopter of accommodative demand. Dynamic fluctuations in crystalline lens radii of curvature, anterior chamber depth and lens thickness were also estimated from dynamic 2-D OCT images (14 Hz), acquired during 5-s of steady fixation, for different accommodative demands. Estimates of the eye power from dynamical geometrical measurements revealed an increase of the fluctuations of the accommodative response from 0.07 D to 0.47 D between 0 and 6 D (0.044 D per D of accommodative demand). A sensitivity analysis showed that the fluctuations of accommodation were driven by dynamic changes in the lens surfaces, particularly in the posterior lens surface. © 2013 Optical Society of America. ; The authors acknowledge funding from Predoctoral fellowship CSIC-I3P2006 to EG; FNP Ventures Program co-financed by the EU Funds to MG; EURYI-01/2008-PL (EURHORCs) to MW; MICINN FIS2011-02065 to SM. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. [294099] to SM. The authors acknowledge technical hardware and software support of Ireneusz Grulkowski and Maciej Szkulmowski from NCU Toruń. ; Peer Reviewed