Suchergebnisse

The Ottoman administration took European armies as a model in all areas of military modernization. Taking modern armies as a model, both in educational and organizational means, provided the new technology weapons, which were the basic need of these armies, to enter the Ottoman army inventory. Each new weapon brought with it the need for training in the familiarization and use of the weapon. The Ottoman officers trained in modern military schools took part in meeting this need. In addition to playing an active role in weapon purchases, this staff shared their knowledge and experience for the effective use of such weapons. Thus, important works on modern firearms were published. Fenn-i Esliha (The Science of Weapon) books, one of these works offered to the use of military students and officers, contained general information about all firearms used in the Ottoman army. In addition to Fenn-i Esliha books, manuals written specifically for a weapon or a model also played a significant role in familiarizing new weapons. Mahmud Şevket Pasha, who gained serious experience in firearms with his duties and later rose to the position of grand vizier, was also one of the officers who penned his experiences. He had a book called Fenn-i Esliha as well as his three of other works were aimed at introducing Mauser rifles. These works containing detailed information on rifles were also supported by images. These three publications, from which the enthusiasts can access extremely specific and technical information, were among the most comprehensive examples of the firearm training literature of the Ottoman army.

Reforms implemented for the Ottoman army began to be institutionalized in the middle of the 19th century. The basic idea was to restore the former power of the army. Since the changing conditions of war had shown that reform was possible only with the application of modern methods to every field, the works made on the modernization of the Ottoman army gained momentum after the Crimean War. The effort to establish an army in-line with the requirements of modern warfare was the Ottoman administration's primary aim during the Reorganization and Constitutional periods. The provision of resources required to sustain military modernization led to different measures in the Ottoman economy such as domestic and foreign borrowing, interest postponement, transfer of revenues, and ultimately the allocation of revenues to creditors. In this process, while the Ottoman economy became integrated into the international economy, it gradually became dependent on foreign sources. Despite the economic measures taken did not reduce dependency on international resources and the heavy financial burden, the Ottoman administration sustained military reforms and modernization. ; Osmanlı ordusunda uygulanan ıslahat çalışmaları 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kurumsallaşmaya başlamıştı. Islahat fikrinin temelinde, ordunun eski gücüne kavuşturulması yatıyordu. Savaşın değişen şartları ıslahatın ancak modern usullerin her alanda uygulanmasıyla mümkün olabileceğini gösterdiğinden, Kırım Savaşı'ndan sonra Osmanlı ordusunun modernleşmesine yönelik yapılan çalışmalar hız kazandı. Bu çerçevede, modern savaşın gereklerine uygun bir ordu tesis etme gayreti, Tanzîmat ve Meşrutîyet dönemlerinde, Osmanlı yönetiminin önceliği oldu. Askerî modernleşmenin sürdürülebilmesi için ihtiyaç duyulan kaynakların teminiyse Osmanlı maliyesinde iç ve dış borçlanma, faiz erteleme, gelir devri ve nihayet gelirlerin alacaklıların kontrolüne bırakılması gibi tedbirlere başvurulmasına sebep oldu. Bu süreçte, Osmanlı ekonomisi uluslararası ekonomiye eklemlenirken, adım adım dışa bağımlı hale de geldi. Alınan ekonomik tedbirler dışa bağımlılığı azaltmamasına ve ağır mali yüke rağmen Osmanlı yönetimi askerî alandaki ıslahatlarını sürdürmüştür.

Reforms implemented for the Ottoman army began to be institutionalized in the middle of the 19th century. The basic idea was to restore the former power of the army. Since the changing conditions of war had shown that reform was possible only with the application of modern methods to every field, the works made on the modernization of the Ottoman army gained momentum after the Crimean War. The effort to establish an army in-line with the requirements of modern warfare was the Ottoman administration's primary aim during the Reorganization and Constitutional periods. The provision of resources required to sustain military modernization led to different measures in the Ottoman economy such as domestic and foreign borrowing, interest postponement, transfer of revenues, and ultimately the allocation of revenues to creditors. In this process, while the Ottoman economy became integrated into the international economy, it gradually became dependent on foreign sources. Despite the economic measures taken did not reduce dependency on international resources and the heavy financial burden, the Ottoman administration sustained military reforms and modernization.