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AbstractJudicial diplomacy describes the courts' efforts to promote liberal democracy and protect their institutional authority. Bilateral court meetings are essential for judicial diplomacy, encompassing jurisprudential (e.g., discussion of case law) and aims of strategic (e.g., maximising influence). This study presents a novel approach to assess such meetings. It analyses the German Federal Constitutional Court meeting reports between 1998–2019, using content and semantic network analysis. The content analysis shows that court meetings focus on jurisprudential aspects; however, strategic considerations also play a role in discussions with interlocutors from emerging democracies. These findings are substantiated by the semantic network analysis, which discloses that recent case law, Europeanisation, and globalisation are the main issues discussed. Hence, this study presents an analysis of a novel data source. Further, it contributes to judicial politics research as transnational court meetings could be a missing link to understand legal citation networks.

Constitutional review courts construe constitutions in the light of legal, social, and political disputes. As such, constitutional review has become a key feature of modern-day democracies. However, the court's authority depends on their reputation and support within the public, as they are unable to enforce their decisions and sanction noncompliance. Only if the public is aware of the courts and their actions and lends them their support, elected politicians will more likely comply with court decisions. To create awareness and to enable public scrutiny, courts have several tools. Among others, a proactive strategy to communicate and transmit information on court decisions and, thus, to increase transparency and openness is perceived to be an essential tool that courts have at their disposal. Through communication, court decisions become more accessible, potentially better understood, and the courts and their judges are held accountable to the public. In this dissertation, I study press releases by constitutional courts. Since the news media is the gatekeeper between the government and the public, I also assess how court communication shapes news media coverage of court decisions. I draw on the comparative judicial politics literature, the literature on policy agendas, and communication and journalism studies on the concepts of court reporting and news values. Throughout four empirical chapters, I ask which institutional structures influence the publication of court press releases, when and what kind of information courts communicate, and how these communication efforts shape the news media. I extend the existing literature in two regards. First, I argue that press releases are of central importance for a court's agenda-setting power. Second, I argue that courts actively use the institutional tools at their disposal to create publicity and increase the chances of being reported on in the news. One such instrument is the publication of press releases, and this dissertation found that the strategic use of press releases enables courts to increase media coverage and, therefore, facilitate public scrutiny. I test these arguments empirically by combining inference methods such as logistic regressions with methods from the fields of machine learning and computational text analysis. Throughout all chapters, I test my arguments using data on court decisions and press releases of the German Federal Constitutional Court. The German court is a suitable case as it enjoys a sturdy and robust public support and has a comparatively long history of public relations and issuing press releases. The findings presented in the four chapters present a wide range of empirical evidence. In particular, I show that court decisions shape the policy issued discussed in the press releases through first-level agenda-setting dynamics. Additionally, I find evidence that press releases are published selectively and are more likely to occur when a decision declares a law unconstitutional. Concerning the news media, the results suggest that journalists rarely use court press releases when reporting on court decisions. However, if they use press releases for their reporting, they are more likely to use those that promote decisions that the public is already aware of. Finally, the likelihood of media coverage of FCC decisions is higher for those that were promoted with a press release and had high news value. The findings of my dissertation confirm that press releases help a court to communicate its policy agenda to the public. Moreover, my results suggest that court communication efforts partially serve the media logic, as I found first, that court decisions are more likely promoted with a press release if they entail newsworthy characteristics like conflict, relevance, and familiarity and second, that media coverage is more likely for decisions that entail these particular characteristics. Finally, since the likelihood of media coverage of court decisions is found to be higher when promoted with a press release, courts have considerable leverage to shape public opinion. Therefore, my results have implications for the research on strategic court behavior, court communication, and court reporting. Overall, since this dissertation offers novel perspectives on how courts communicate and how these efforts shape the media, it contributes to the growing discussion on open justice and the accountability of courts in times where judiciaries are under populist pressure. Hence, this dissertation has important implications for the sustainability of liberal democracy and the legitimacy of constitutional review in constitutional states.

Judicial diplomacy describes the courts' efforts to promote liberal democracy and protect their institutional authority. Bilateral court meetings are essential for judicial diplomacy, encompassing jurisprudential (e.g., discussion of case law) and aims of strategic (e.g., maximising influence). This study presents a novel approach to assess such meetings. It analyses the German Federal Constitutional Court meeting reports between 1998–2019, using content and semantic network analysis. The content analysis shows that court meetings focus on jurisprudential aspects; however, strategic considerations also play a role in discussions with interlocutors from emerging democracies. These findings are substantiated by the semantic network analysis, which discloses that recent case law, Europeanisation, and globalisation are the main issues discussed. Hence, this study presents an analysis of a novel data source. Further, it contributes to judicial politics research as transnational court meetings could be a missing link to understand legal citation networks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12286-021-00499-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

It remains unclear what institutional characteristics determine the publication of press releases by constitutional courts. Research has revealed that courts use press releases to disseminate information; however, little is known about when exactly courts choose to publish a press release on a ruling. By focusing on institutional elements, this study argues that press releases form a part of judicial public relations and are used to enhance openness and transparency surrounding specific court rulings. This argument is tested empirically via a novel dataset on the activities of the German Federal Constitutional Court. Based on 1131 senate rulings decided between 1996 and 2018, this study demonstrates that proceeding types and changes to the status quo are the main characteristics that determine the publication of court press releases, whereas intra-judicial and internal conflicts are revealed to be less influential.

Der Autor stellt in diesem Werk die Besteuerung deutscher Investitionsaktivitäten in China umfassend dar und entwickelt daraus steuerliche Gestaltungsstrategien, insbesondere für die Besteuerung von Betriebsstätten, Kapital- und Personengesellschaften. Er bietet damit eine wichtige Orientierungshilfe im Hinblick auf die substantiellen Änderungen der steuerlichen Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Unternehmen der letzten Jahre, insbesondere durch das neue deutsch-chinesische Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen, die Reform der chinesischen Verrechnungspreisvorschriften und die Vereinheitlichung des chinesischen Umsatzsteuersystems. Der Inhalt • Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Direktinvestitionen in China • Steuerliche Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Direktinvestitionen in China • Besteuerung deutscher Investitionen in China • Steuerplanung bei deutschen Direktinvestitionen in China Die Zielgruppen< • Dozierende und Studierende der Wirtschaftswissenschaften und der Sinologie • International tätige Manager, Steuerberater, Wirtschaftsprüfer und Juristen Der Autor Philipp Meyer arbeitet seit Abschluss seiner Promotion als Chinareferent der Geschäftsführung bei einem deutschen Maschinenbau- und Hochtechnologieunternehmen

Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Direktinvestitionen in China -- Steuerliche Rahmenbedingungen für deutsche Direktinvestitionen in China -- Besteuerung deutscher Investitionen in China. Steuerplanung bei deutschen Direktinvestitionen in China.

1. EinleitungDie wirtschaftliche Öffnung Chinas hat die Ordnung der Weltwirtschaft nachhaltig beeinflusst. Im Jahr 2014 war China der zweitgrößte Empfänger von Direktinvestitionen und einer der wichtigsten Handelspartner westlicher Industriestaaten. In Anbetracht der mittlerweile starken Verflechtung der europäisch-chinesischen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen hat die chinesische Regierung im Anschluss an die Körperschaftsteuerreform im Jahr 2008 damit begonnen, die chinesischen Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen (DBA) mit Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union (EU) auf eine neue Grundlage zu stellen.[.]

Hermann Haack gehörte zu den bedeutendsten deutschen Kartographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der renommierte Gothaer Verlagskartograph war für die innovative Weiterentwicklung von Atlanten und Globen, insbesondere dem Schulwandkartenprogramm des Verlages Justus Perthes in Gotha verantwortlich. Der Name "Haack" steht seit mehr als hundert Jahren für Markenprodukte, die höchste kartographische Standards garantieren. Haacks Grundsätze der Kartengestaltung haben bis heute nichts an ihrer Gültigkeit verloren. Die Ansprüche auf "Richtigkeit", "Klarheit" und "Anschaulichkeit" des Kartenbildes gewährleisten eine effektive didaktische Wissensvermittlung auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Gleichwohl kann gezeigt werden, dass der Umgang mit den von Haack vertretenen gestalterischen Grundsätzen höchst ambivalent war. Die Haack'schen Karten konnten ebenso wirkungsvoll dem Betrachter die Augen öffnen als ihn auch blenden. Viele der von Haack erstellten Karten dienten konkreten machtpolitischen Zielen, über die nationalistische, imperialistische und rassenbasierte Themen in den Schulunterricht getragen wurden. Der Aufsatz hinterfragt und kontextualisiert die Person und das schulkartographische Werk des vermeintlich "unpolitischen" Hermann Haack hinsichtlich seiner Affinitäten zum radikalen Nationalismus. Zu diesem Zweck werden an einigen ausgewählten Karten die Gestaltungskonzeptionen sowie die vorgeschlagenen Anwendungen für den Schulunterricht in den Blick genommen. ; Hermann Haack was one of the most important German cartographers of the first half of the twentieth century. The renowned chief-cartographer of the cartographical publishing house Justus Perthes in Gotha was responsible for the innovative development of atlases and globes, and in particular school wall maps. For more than hundred years his name has been standing for a brand product with highest cartographic standards. To this day, Haack's principles of map design have lost none of their validity. His principles of "correctness, clarity" and "vividness" are the starting point for effective didactic knowledge transfer on a scientific basis. Nevertheless, it can be shown that Haack's design principles were used by him in ambivalent ways. His maps could open the viewer's eyes or dazzle him. Many of the maps drawn up by Haack served concrete political aims and brought nationalist, imperialist and race issues into the classroom. The essay questions and contextualizes the supposedly apolitical Hermann Haack and exposes the affinities of the person and his work to radical nationalism. In the focus are the cartographical concepts as well as the proposed applications of the maps in school.