Suchergebnisse

The task of the study was to identify the impact of EU membership on Lithuanian trade in food products. The author has carried out an analysis of the inevitable and likely changes which will affect Lithuanian trade policy. terms of trade within the EU and the third countries, export and import volumes, and social consequences of these changes. The conclusions are based on a comparison of the existing Lithuanian and EU tariffs for key items of Lithuanian foodstuffs exports and imports. ; Šio straipsnio tikslas - remiantis Lietuvos užsienio prekybos žemės ūkio produktais 2002 metais statistika bei lyginant dabartinius ir būsimus tarifus, Lietuvai tapus ES nare, pabandyti atskleisti, ar narystė ES iš tikrųjų turės didelių padarinių gyventojų gerovei, o tai dažnai tvirtina žurnalistai ir kai kurie mokslininkai.Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje trumpai įvertinama bendra situacija Lietuvos žemės ūkyje, atkreipiant dėmesį į žemės ūkio svarbą Lietuvos ekonomikai, mažą darbo našumą, didelę maisto produktų lyginamąją gyventojų vartojimo dalį, žemės produktų gamybos mažėjimą.Antroje dalyje pateikiama trumpa Lietuvos užsienio prekybos politikos apžvalga, o dabartinė politika apibūdinama kaip liberali.Trečioje dalyje atliekama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos analizė daugiausia dėmesio skiriant Lietuvos prekybai su trečiosiomis šalimis, su kuriomis labiausiai pasikeis Lietuvos užsienio prekybos režimas. Dabar 60 procentų Lietuvos prekybos žemės ūkio produktais vyksta su ES ir būsimosiomis narėmis. NVS dalis vis mažėja, tačiau ji vis dar svarbų Lietuvos eksportui. Lietuvos importo struktūroje vyrauja produktai, kurie Lietuvoje negaminami arba naudojami kaip žaliava maisto pramonėje. Daug maisto produktų yra reeksportuojama, o tai patvirtina Lietuvos, kaip tranzitinės valstybės, statusą. Didelė dalis prekybos yra prekyba šakos viduje, ypač tabako, pašarų, saldainių ir žuvies produktų gamybos šakose. Pirmuose trijuose sektoriuose dominuoja užsienio kapitalas.Ketvirtoje straipsnio dalyje analizuojama narystės ES padariniai Lietuvos tarifų sistemai ir dydžiui. Nors Lietuvai tapus ES nare bus apmuitinta daugiau importuojamų prekių ir didesniais nei dabar tarifais, naujos tarifų sistemos poveikis importo apimtims ir maisto produktų kainoms nebus labai didelis. Prekybos su kitomis ES šalimis sąlygos mažai pasikeis, nes jau dabar beveik visa prekyba, išskyrus keletą maisto prekių, yra laisva. Tuo tarpu importas iš trečiųjų šalių nėra didelis ir apima tik mažiau reikšmingus produktus. Šiek tiek pablogės prekybos su ELPA šalimis sąlygos, nes bus taikomi tarifai žuvies importui iš Norvegijos ir Islandijos. Kai kurių maisto produktų importui iš trečiųjų šalių bus taikomi nemaži tarifai, tačiau neigiamą poveiki vartojimui sušvelnins tai, kad ES kai kurių maisto prekių importui taiko Bendrąją preferencijų sistemą, be to, esant dideliems tarifams vartotojai galės vartoti pigesnius vietinius maisto produktus arba ES pakaitalus. Tačiau mažai tikėtina, kad importo pabrangimas turės didesni poveikį vietinei gamybai. Pastarosios plėtrai nepalyginti didesnį poveikį turės padidėjusi parama žemės ūkiui. Analizė rodo, kad tarifų pasikeitimas lems maisto produktų kainų pakilimą tik vienu dviem procentais.Penktoje dalyje analizuojamas prekybos sąlygų pasikeitimo poveikis Lietuvos eksportui. Čia nesitikima didelio pasikeitimo, nes ES rinka jau dabar laisva, o NVS šalių tarifai mažai pasikeis, nes tiek Lietuvai, tiek ES taikomi tokie patys konvenciniai tarifai. Pagrindinėmis Lietuvos eksporto kliūtimis ir toliau išliks netarifiniai barjerai - kokybės ir higienos reikalavimai.

The article deals with the globalisation process in general and its implications for developing and transition countries. Globalisation is understood as a growing interdependance of world economy, as an economic integration of different countries through an international trade, the movement of capital, an increasing role of transnational corporations, a technological change. The current globalisation is not a new phenomenon. The world underwent a globalisation process one hundred years ago which according to most indicators was much deeper.The globalisation in principal changed comparative advantages of countries. The endowment of factors of production becomes less important than an education level, new materials and technologies, the developed economic and social infrastructure. It is therefore very important to develop economic economic policies that stimulate development of these factors.Article emphasizes the role of transnational corporations in current globalisation process. The economic development of both developing and transition economies to large extent depend on their capabilities to attract investments of transnational corporations. As not each foreign investment are equally beneficial it is important to establish a promotion system to attract productive investment in most perspective sectors and first of all to those producing high value added. It is also important to promote the access of domestic companies to production systems and distribution networks controlled by transnational corporations.Globalisation is supported by regionalisation which is, however, sometimes is in conflict with global trade liberalization. Regionlisation as well as globalisation is not equally advantageous to all member countries. Usually more developed country reaps more benefits from trade block than less developed. In such circumstances it is important to develop policies assisting domestic companies in export developmentThe article assesses the level of intergration of transition economies into world economic system. It argues that trade liberalization is not the main determinant of economic growth, vice versa it can have a negative impact due to cyclical fluctuations of world prices which is the case also for exports from transitional economies. The corresponding policy measures should be developed to mitigate the negative outcomes of trade openness. ; Straipsnyje remiantis pasaulyje atliktais tyrimais bandoma apibrėžti naują pasaulinės ekonomikos reiškinį - globalizaciją, ekonominius ir socialinius jos padarinius. Atsižvelgiant į pasaulinius globalizacijos veiksnius, siekiama įvertinti Vidurio ir Rytų Europos šalių ekonomikos integravimo į pasaulinę ekonomiką mastą bei jų ekonominės politikos priemones, turinčius pozityvią ar negatyvią įtaką globalizacijos lygiui.

The main goal of the research is to assess the efficiency of Belarus–EU trade and to develop an econometric model to find out which goods Belorus should export in order to ensure its GDP growth. Authors have made an analysis of the main trade theories, reviewed the common EU trade policy, determined a relationship between Belarusian trade in goods with the EU and its economic growth, studied the consequences of the potential free trade agreement with the EU. The research used secondary data that have been analysed by means of a system of indicators, the matrix method, and regression correlation analysis. The analysis revealed that the trade balance between Belarus and the EU in most years has been negative, that the degree of trade concentration between Belarus and the EU is low, and that trade between the two parties has both intra-industry and inter-industry features. The econometric model has revealed a negative impact of the Belarusian export of agricultural products and iron and steel on its GDP growth rate. The study has also shown that so far it is difficult to forecast the timelines and consequences of Belarus–EU free trade agreement.

The main goal of the research is to assess the efficiency of Belarus–EU trade and to develop an econometric model to find out which goods Belorus should export in order to ensure its GDP growth. Authors have made an analysis of the main trade theories, reviewed the common EU trade policy, determined a relationship between Belarusian trade in goods with the EU and its economic growth, studied the consequences of the potential free trade agreement with the EU. The research used secondary data that have been analysed by means of a system of indicators, the matrix method, and regression correlation analysis. The analysis revealed that the trade balance between Belarus and the EU in most years has been negative, that the degree of trade concentration between Belarus and the EU is low, and that trade between the two parties has both intra-industry and inter-industry features. The econometric model has revealed a negative impact of the Belarusian export of agricultural products and iron and steel on its GDP growth rate. The study has also shown that so far it is difficult to forecast the timelines and consequences of Belarus–EU free trade agreement.

The main goal of the research is to assess the efficiency of Belarus–EU trade and to develop an econometric model to find out which goods Belorus should export in order to ensure its GDP growth. Authors have made an analysis of the main trade theories, reviewed the common EU trade policy, determined a relationship between Belarusian trade in goods with the EU and its economic growth, studied the consequences of the potential free trade agreement with the EU. The research used secondary data that have been analysed by means of a system of indicators, the matrix method, and regression correlation analysis. The analysis revealed that the trade balance between Belarus and the EU in most years has been negative, that the degree of trade concentration between Belarus and the EU is low, and that trade between the two parties has both intra-industry and inter-industry features. The econometric model has revealed a negative impact of the Belarusian export of agricultural products and iron and steel on its GDP growth rate. The study has also shown that so far it is difficult to forecast the timelines and consequences of Belarus–EU free trade agreement.

The main goal of the research is to assess the efficiency of Belarus–EU trade and to develop an econometric model to find out which goods Belorus should export in order to ensure its GDP growth. Authors have made an analysis of the main trade theories, reviewed the common EU trade policy, determined a relationship between Belarusian trade in goods with the EU and its economic growth, studied the consequences of the potential free trade agreement with the EU. The research used secondary data that have been analysed by means of a system of indicators, the matrix method, and regression correlation analysis. The analysis revealed that the trade balance between Belarus and the EU in most years has been negative, that the degree of trade concentration between Belarus and the EU is low, and that trade between the two parties has both intra-industry and inter-industry features. The econometric model has revealed a negative impact of the Belarusian export of agricultural products and iron and steel on its GDP growth rate. The study has also shown that so far it is difficult to forecast the timelines and consequences of Belarus–EU free trade agreement.

The main goal of the research is to assess the efficiency of Belarus–EU trade and to develop an econometric model to find out which goods Belorus should export in order to ensure its GDP growth. Authors have made an analysis of the main trade theories, reviewed the common EU trade policy, determined a relationship between Belarusian trade in goods with the EU and its economic growth, studied the consequences of the potential free trade agreement with the EU. The research used secondary data that have been analysed by means of a system of indicators, the matrix method, and regression correlation analysis. The analysis revealed that the trade balance between Belarus and the EU in most years has been negative, that the degree of trade concentration between Belarus and the EU is low, and that trade between the two parties has both intra-industry and inter-industry features. The econometric model has revealed a negative impact of the Belarusian export of agricultural products and iron and steel on its GDP growth rate. The study has also shown that so far it is difficult to forecast the timelines and consequences of Belarus–EU free trade agreement.

In the first part of the paper, which is dedicated to the theories related to MNEs, strategic management, FDI and global production networks, a variety of theoretical and empirical literature is examined. The main ideas related to MNEs and FDI are based on Dunning, whereas Dicken and Mellahi contributed to the topics related to strategic management and global production networks. Furthermore papers of the European Investment Bank (EIB) about the internationalisation of production in Europe give some basic ideas. Many other scholars are used to illustrate the topic as well. In the empirical part data from sources such as the German Central Bank, EU, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the German chamber of commerce (DIHK) will be analyzed together with academic papers of various writers like Marin or Nordas. Santrauka Vokietijos tarptautinių bendrovių investicijos į gamybos tinklus naujose ES narėse Vidurio Europoje bei Baltijos šalyse pasiskirsto labai netolygiai, todėl pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius Vokietijos investicijas šiose šalyse. Autoriai naudoja aprašomąją statistiką bei regresinę analizę verslo aplinkoms skirtingose šalyse palyginti ir nustatyti jų poveikį tiesioginių užsienio investicijų mastui. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad Vokietijos investicijose ištirtas šalis dominuoja vertikalios investicijos, o daugiausia jų pritraukia Čekijos Respublika, Vengrija ir Slovakija dėl palankios investicijų skatinimo politikos, pakankamos vidutinės kvalifikacijos darbo jėgos, lankstesnes darbo politikos, geografinės padėties ir kitų veiksnių. First published online: 10 Feb 2011 Reikšminiai žodžiai:tiesioginės užsienio investicijos,tarptautinės bendrovės,gamybos tinklai,verslo aplinka

In the first part of the paper, which is dedicated to the theories related to MNEs, strategic management, FDI and global production networks, a variety of theoretical and empirical literature is examined. The main ideas related to MNEs and FDI are based on Dunning, whereas Dicken and Mellahi contributed to the topics related to strategic management and global production networks. Furthermore papers of the European Investment Bank (EIB) about the internationalisation of production in Europe give some basic ideas. Many other scholars are used to illustrate the topic as well. In the empirical part data from sources such as the German Central Bank, EU, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the German chamber of commerce (DIHK) will be analyzed together with academic papers of various writers like Marin or Nordas. Article in English. Vokietijos tarptautinių bendrovių investicijos į gamybos tinklus vidurio Europos ir Baltijos šalyse Santrauka.Vokietijos tarptautinių bendrovių investicijos į gamybos tinklus naujose ES narėse Vidurio Europoje bei Baltijos šalyse pasiskirsto labai netolygiai, todėl pagrindinis šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius Vokietijos investicijas šiose šalyse. Autoriai naudoja aprašomąją statistiką bei regresinę analizę verslo aplinkoms skirtingose šalyse palyginti ir nustatyti jų poveikį tiesioginių užsienio investicijų mastui. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad Vokietijos investicijose ištirtas šalis dominuoja vertikalios investicijos, o daugiausia jų pritraukia Čekijos Respublika, Vengrija ir Slovakija dėl palankios investicijų skatinimo politikos, pakankamos vidutinės kvalifikacijos darbo jėgos, lankstesnes darbo politikos, geografinės padėties ir kitų veiksnių. Reikšminiai žodžiai:tiesioginės užsienio investicijos,tarptautinės bendrovės,gamybos tinklai,verslo aplinka. First published online: 10 Feb 2011

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the inbound tourism in Lithuania and its competitiveness in comparison with other Baltic States. The objectives are to evaluate the role of the tourism sector in Lithuanian economy, its potential, and by comparative analysis to identify its development prospects in the context of the other Baltic States. The competitiveness analysis of the Lithuanian tourism industry is based on secondary data, while research of the Lithuanian image relies on information collected using a questionnaire.Comparative analysis revealed that, despite the fact that the tourism sector in Lithuania develops very rapidly, it is still behind the level of Estonia which is the leading tourism nation in the Balties. The main reason for smaller numbers of tourists in Lithuania is a poorer access to Lithuania through airports or the Klaipėda port. The lack of cheap hotels and motels is another reason.To further develop the tourism sector in Lithuania, there is a need to introduce new tourism products - new routes for the groups, European level cultural, educational, sports and political events, countryside tourism. It is important to increase information and publicity on Lithuania and its famous places, traditions, history, people, - in other words, to create the Lithuanian tourism brand.The research of Lithuanian competitiveness and image has indicated the following shortcomings of the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector: the lack of cheap hotels and motels, the problem of tourists' safety in the country, the lack of information about the country and its famous places, inadequate development of the Lithuanian transport sector. To enhance the competitiveness of the Lithuanian tourism industry, it is necessary to develop targeted public strategies supported by adequate financial resources. ; Straipsnyje aptariama atvykstamojo turizmo padėtis Lietuvoje, palyginti su kitomis Baltijos šalimis. Remiantis statistikos duomenimis, M. Porterio "Deimanto" modeliu ir užsienio turistų anketine apklausa atlikta atvykstamojo turizmo Lietuvoje konkurencingumo rodiklių analizė. Ji atskleidė, kad Lietuvos turizmo infrastruktūra turi visus būtinus elementus, tačiau jie išplėtoti netolygiai ir nėra suderinti ir daugeliu atžvilgių atsilieka nuo kitų Baltijos šalių.

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the inbound tourism in Lithuania and its competitiveness in comparison with other Baltic States. The objectives are to evaluate the role of the tourism sector in Lithuanian economy, its potential, and by comparative analysis to identify its development prospects in the context of the other Baltic States. The competitiveness analysis of the Lithuanian tourism industry is based on secondary data, while research of the Lithuanian image relies on information collected using a questionnaire. Comparative analysis revealed that, despite the fact that the tourism sector in Lithuania develops very rapidly, it is still behind the level of Estonia which is the leading tourism nation in the Baltics. The main reason for smaller numbers of tourists in Lithuania is a poorer access to Lithuania through airports or the Klaipëda port. The lack of cheap hotels and motels is another reason. To further develop the tourism sector in Lithuania, there is a need to introduce new tourism products – new routes for the groups, European level cultural, educational, sports and political events, countryside tourism. It is important to increase information and publicity on Lithuania and its famous places, traditions, history, people, – in other words, to create the Lithuanian tourism brand. The research of Lithuanian competitiveness and image has indicated the following shortcomings of the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector: the lack of cheap hotels and motels, the prpblem of tourists' safety in the country, the lack of information about the country and its famous places, inadequate development of the Lithuanian transport sector. To enhance the competitiveness of the Lithuanian tourism industry, it is necessary to develop targeted public strategies supported by adequate financial resources.

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the inbound tourism in Lithuania and its competitiveness in comparison with other Baltic States. The objectives are to evaluate the role of the tourism sector in Lithuanian economy, its potential, and by comparative analysis to identify its development prospects in the context of the other Baltic States. The competitiveness analysis of the Lithuanian tourism industry is based on secondary data, while research of the Lithuanian image relies on information collected using a questionnaire. Comparative analysis revealed that, despite the fact that the tourism sector in Lithuania develops very rapidly, it is still behind the level of Estonia which is the leading tourism nation in the Baltics. The main reason for smaller numbers of tourists in Lithuania is a poorer access to Lithuania through airports or the Klaipëda port. The lack of cheap hotels and motels is another reason. To further develop the tourism sector in Lithuania, there is a need to introduce new tourism products – new routes for the groups, European level cultural, educational, sports and political events, countryside tourism. It is important to increase information and publicity on Lithuania and its famous places, traditions, history, people, – in other words, to create the Lithuanian tourism brand. The research of Lithuanian competitiveness and image has indicated the following shortcomings of the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector: the lack of cheap hotels and motels, the prpblem of tourists' safety in the country, the lack of information about the country and its famous places, inadequate development of the Lithuanian transport sector. To enhance the competitiveness of the Lithuanian tourism industry, it is necessary to develop targeted public strategies supported by adequate financial resources.

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the inbound tourism in Lithuania and its competitiveness in comparison with other Baltic States. The objectives are to evaluate the role of the tourism sector in Lithuanian economy, its potential, and by comparative analysis to identify its development prospects in the context of the other Baltic States. The competitiveness analysis of the Lithuanian tourism industry is based on secondary data, while research of the Lithuanian image relies on information collected using a questionnaire. Comparative analysis revealed that, despite the fact that the tourism sector in Lithuania develops very rapidly, it is still behind the level of Estonia which is the leading tourism nation in the Baltics. The main reason for smaller numbers of tourists in Lithuania is a poorer access to Lithuania through airports or the Klaipëda port. The lack of cheap hotels and motels is another reason. To further develop the tourism sector in Lithuania, there is a need to introduce new tourism products – new routes for the groups, European level cultural, educational, sports and political events, countryside tourism. It is important to increase information and publicity on Lithuania and its famous places, traditions, history, people, – in other words, to create the Lithuanian tourism brand. The research of Lithuanian competitiveness and image has indicated the following shortcomings of the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector: the lack of cheap hotels and motels, the prpblem of tourists' safety in the country, the lack of information about the country and its famous places, inadequate development of the Lithuanian transport sector. To enhance the competitiveness of the Lithuanian tourism industry, it is necessary to develop targeted public strategies supported by adequate financial resources.

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the inbound tourism in Lithuania and its competitiveness in comparison with other Baltic States. The objectives are to evaluate the role of the tourism sector in Lithuanian economy, its potential, and by comparative analysis to identify its development prospects in the context of the other Baltic States. The competitiveness analysis of the Lithuanian tourism industry is based on secondary data, while research of the Lithuanian image relies on information collected using a questionnaire. Comparative analysis revealed that, despite the fact that the tourism sector in Lithuania develops very rapidly, it is still behind the level of Estonia which is the leading tourism nation in the Baltics. The main reason for smaller numbers of tourists in Lithuania is a poorer access to Lithuania through airports or the Klaipëda port. The lack of cheap hotels and motels is another reason. To further develop the tourism sector in Lithuania, there is a need to introduce new tourism products – new routes for the groups, European level cultural, educational, sports and political events, countryside tourism. It is important to increase information and publicity on Lithuania and its famous places, traditions, history, people, – in other words, to create the Lithuanian tourism brand. The research of Lithuanian competitiveness and image has indicated the following shortcomings of the Lithuanian inbound tourism sector: the lack of cheap hotels and motels, the prpblem of tourists' safety in the country, the lack of information about the country and its famous places, inadequate development of the Lithuanian transport sector. To enhance the competitiveness of the Lithuanian tourism industry, it is necessary to develop targeted public strategies supported by adequate financial resources.

This article deals with the EU Structural and Regional Policies and their financing mechanisms in the EU Member States and Lithuania, as one of the Candidate Countires. Although EU is one of the most prosperous regions in the world, disparities between countries and regions remain visible. To address existing socio-economic disparities between regions, the EU has adopted its structural and regional policies, which, based on financial solidarity of its Member States, aim to promote competitiveness and employment by helping regions to generate sustainable development and adapt to new conditions on the labour market and to global competition. The EU has at its disposal Structural Funds through which it channels financial assistance: the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund and the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance. Support channelled through these funds amount to one third of the European Union' Budget. In addition, support to four least prosperous Member States infrastructure development is being provided through the Cohesion Fund. The article makes an overview of the main principles of the operation of the Structural Funds and their role in economic development of Member States. The article also deals with three pre-accession instruments: SAPARD, ISPA and Economic and Social Cohesion, which correspond to the main areas of assistance provided through the Structural Funds and imply operational aspects similar to those used by the Structural Funds. In addition, the Article draws conclusions On the effectiveness of structural assistance in the previous years, which may be useful to consider while making transfers to Lithuania under pre-accession instruments and subsequently while programming and receiving transfers through the Structural Funds. The article also draws lessons from the management of Structural Funds and pre-accession facilities for the application in the management of public finances of Lithuania. ; Beveik nekyla abejonių, kad Lietuva jau 2004 metais taps Europos Sąjungos nare. Narystė, kuriai aktyviai rengiamasi, reikš, jog Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai taps privalomi ir mūsų šalyje. Lietuva, tapusi Europos Sąjungos nare, įgys ne tik prievolių, bet ir teisę naudotis ES biudžieto lėšomis, kurios yra perskirstomos mažiau išsivysčiusioms narėms arba regionams ir yra skirtos paspartinti ekonominį ir socialinį jų augimą. Pagrindinė šių lėšų dalis yra struktūriniai fondai, iš kurių yra finansuojamos regioninės ir struktūrinės programos Airijoje, Graikijoje, Ispanijoje, Portugalijoje, Pietų Italijoje, Rytų Vokietijoje ir kitose šalyse. Šio straipsnio tikslas-panagrinėti Europos Sąjungos regioninės-struktūrinės paramos politiką ir finansavimo šaltinius. Ypač dėmesys yra kreipiamas struktūrinių fondų paskirstymo mechanizmo analizei, kadangi jo pagrindai gali būti panaudoti kuriant efektyvų valstybės lėšų paskirstymo ir kontrolės mechanizmą.