Suchergebnisse

Der Artikel verfolgt zwei Ziele, die beide mit dem Fund des bisher unbekannten humboldtschen Kuba-Tagebuchs von 1804 (in der Biblioteka Jagiellonska Kraków durch Ulrike Leitner) zusammenhängen. Einmal will er die zwar diskontinuierliche, aber zusammenhängende Entwicklung von Humboldts Sklavereibild darlegen (die im Tagebuch von 1804 in gewissem Sinne kulminiert und in nuce den Essay über Kuba bildet) und zum zweiten die wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Sensation, dass Humboldt wesentliche Elemente der Methode des Vergleichs systematisch auf soziale, historische und sozioökonomische Verhältnisse der Sklaverei anzuwenden begann, als er Anfang 1804 in Veracruz oder Havanna von der Proklamation des Staates "Haity" auf der Insel Santo Domingo hörte. Diese beiden Erkenntnisse ändern die Einschätzung von Humboldts politischem Verhältnis zu zwei Gruppen der spanisch-amerikanischen Bevölkerung (die Teile der kreolische Elite, die plante "eine weiße Republik" nach dem Vorbild Frankreichs zu gründen, und die Gruppe oder "Kaste" der "pardos") am "Vorabend der Unabhängigkeitsrevolution". ; This article has two main aims. Both are motivated by the Humboldtian diary about Cuba in 1804, unknown until today (found by Ulrike Leitner in the Biblioteka Jagiellonska Kraków). First, the article will present the in fact discontinuous but coherent development of the Humboldtian image of slavery in Spanish America (which is culminating to some extent in the diary and builds in nuce what later will become the "Essay on the Island of Cuba"). Second, the article presents the sensation in history of science, that Humboldt starts to apply systematically main elements of scientific method of comparison on social, historical and socioeconomic themes of slavery, when he heard of the proclamation of the new state of "Haity" in Veracruz or Havana in 1804. These two findings (and the diary itself) are changing profoundly our knowledge about Humboldt's political relationship with two larger groups of the population of Spanish America (the parts of the Creole elite who were planning to found "a white republic", following the French model and the very large group, or caste, of the "pardos") on the "Eve of the Independence Movement". ; Este artículo tiene dos objetivos principales. Ambos están motivados por el hallazgo del diario humboldtiano sobre Cuba en 1804, hasta ahora desconocido (en la Biblioteka Jagiellonska Kraków por Ulrike Leitner). Primero, el artículo pretende exponer la génesis tanto discontinuada como coherente de la enemistad humboldtiana con la esclavitud (que culmina en cierto grado en este "nuevo" diario y que configura in nuce el "Ensayo sobre Cuba" del propio Humboldt). Segundo, el artículo presenta la – a nivel de la historia de las sciencias – sensación, que Humboldt empezó a aplicar sistemáticamente métodos de comparación scientífica a las condiciones sociales, históricas y socio-económicas de la esclavitud, cuando en 1804 supo en Veracruz o La Habana de la proclamación del estado "Haity". Estos dos reconocimientos del artículo presente cambian profundamente nuestros conocimientos de la relación política de Humboldt en cuanto a dos grupos mayores de la población (partes de la élite criolla que planificó fundar "una república blanca" a manera de la revolución francesa de 1789 y el grupo o la "casta" de los llamados "pardos") en "el umbral de la revolución de Independencia".

3., völlig neu bearbeitete und erheblich erweiterte Auflage Berlin, Juli 2016 Alle bisherigen Verzeichnisse sind aktualisiert und erweitert worden.

Mit der grundlegend überarbeiteten und erheblich erweiterten Zweitauflage der in erster Auflage "Bibliographie StGB - Strafrecht; nach StGB - Paragraphen geordnet" betitelten "Strafrechtsbezogenen Fachbibliographien" (Beitrag Nr. 01/2015) legt der Verfasser nunmehr neben den aktualisierten StGB - Literaturhinweisen auch vier Verzeichnisse betreffend Lehr- und Prüfungsliteratur - sowie Rechtsprechungshinweise (betreffend StGB AT und BT), Literaturhinweise zu speziellen trafrechtsbereichen , Ordnungswidrigkeitenrecht sowie Kriminalpolitik und Gesetzgebung (einschließlich Sozialpolitik)vor. Von Ausnahmen abgesehen (etwa betreffend Beschneidungen) handelt es sich nach wie vor nahezu ausschließlich um Monographien. Aufsätze finden sich nur vereinzelt in den Sammlungen.

Es handelt sich bei der Energiewende um eine der größten politischen Herausforderungen der letzten Jahrzehnte. Sie betrifft die Grundversorgung mit einem Basisgut und hat zudem immense ökologische, standort- und arbeitsmarktpolitische Bedeutung. Ungeachtet dessen fehlt es trotz zahlreicher Einzelmaßnahmen und zeitlich geschärfter Zielvorgaben an einem in sich schlüssigen, alle Akteure aufeinander abstimmenden Gesamtkonzept der Politik auf mehreren Ebenen. Das Thesenpapier zeigt auf, welche Maßnahmen erforderlich sind.

The increasing public awareness of business related impacts on environmental and social well-being, be it positive or negative, are nowadays key drivers of corporate success. Internal and external business environments exert pressure and force transparency as well as responsible action in terms of resolving environmental and social impacts. In line with this, Porter and Kramer regard business behaviour that addresses societal needs and challenges, as the "new way to achieve economic success". However, whereas some companies "remain trapped in an out-dated approach to value creation" and restrict their CSR commitment to the compliance with governmental regulation, others proactively address stakeholder needs. By addressing these needs, companies can benefit from grasping the opportunity of enhanced cost efficiency and lowered risk or gaining competitive advantages through establishing unique value propositions, in a way that meets stakeholder demands. Apart from that, CSR performance can be seen as powerful tool to successfully influence stakeholder perceptions in terms of reputation, and thus an exceptional source of value creation. In addition to this, organisations can profit from win-win-win situations related to syncretic value creation by means of partnering with stakeholders. This, however, implies expanding the focus of cost- and risk-reduction towards increasing competitiveness through creating mutual benefits for environment, society and the economy alike. Although a growing number of companies have recognised the advantages coming along with Corporate Social Responsibility engagement, the accompanying efforts have not been sufficiently mature yet. Due to the fact that many organizations apply a rather narrow and out-dated approach to value creation, they fail to achieve a balance between environmental, social and economic objectives. This, in turn, implies a restriction in their ability to exploit the full value creation potential that is related to CSR engagement. But even organisations applying a broader perspective of value creation, struggle to internalise the opportunities. This is mainly due the challenge of balancing and integrating economic and non-economic criteria. At the same time, organizations are facing the challenge of getting support from senior management and staff. Thus, in order to profit from adopting a 'broad perspective', firms must build a deep understanding of the benefits resulting from mutual value creation. However, the main challenge remains the systematic and strategy related integration of Corporate Social Responsibility strategies into core business processes. In respect to this, organizations have to take into account that "social and environment performance are almost certainly unique to each organization". Thus, value creation in terms of CSR has to be understood as a highly complex set of cause-an-effect relationships among mediating variables and situational contingencies, which is too specific to rely on poorly structured and generic approaches. In brief, organisations seem to struggle establishing an understanding that does not consider environmental, social and economic benefits as mutually exclusive. Notwithstanding, that such an understanding is established the complexity of factors influencing Corporate Social Responsibility impedes to balance between economic and non-economic criteria. Furthermore, organisations have difficulties to strategically integrate, manage and measure environmental and social performance drivers as well as outcome measures.

Es handelt sich um einen Kurzbericht zu einer Online-Befragung der Bürgerinnen und Bürger der Gemeinde Giesen zur geplanten Wiederinbetriebnahme der Kalimine in der Region zwischen Sarstedt, Giesen und Nordstemmen. Insgesamt wurden 4000 Haushalte angeschrieben. 800 Haushalte haben an der Befragung teilgenommen. Im Bericht steht die Untersuchungsfrage der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz des geplanten Vorhabens im Mittelpunkt. Hierzu werden zentrale empirische Ergebnisse aufbereitet. Aufgrund des regen Interesses der Bürger_innen an der Umfrage und der lokalpolitischen Relevanz der politischen Streitfrage, sollen zentrale deskriptive Ergebnisse aus der Befragung in die Öffentlichkeit getragen werden. Daher werden in den einzelnen Kapiteln des Ergebnisberichts zunächst Angaben zur Untersuchungszeit, Befragungsdauer, Rücklaufquoten usw. im Feldbericht genannt. Darauf folgt eine Zusammenfassung von zentralen deskriptiven Analysen, die bereits durchgeführt worden sind. Im Anhang des Kurzberichts befindet sich neben Dokumentationsmaterial aus der Erhebung (Anschreiben, Fragebogen) zudem eine Häufigkeitsauszählung des vollständigen Fragebogenkatalogs mit Ausnahme der offenen Angaben, welche wir aus Datenschutzgründen nicht veröffentlichen.

Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation umfasst drei einzelne Essays mit einer verhaltensökonomischen Perspektive auf Umweltthemen in Entwicklungsländern. Die ersten beiden Aufsätze basieren auf experimentellen Methoden und Datensätzen ; die im Rahmen eines Forschungsaufenthaltes in Sambia erhoben wurden. Sambia zählt zu den bewaldetsten Ländern in Subsahara Afrika ; zeichnet sich jedoch auch durch schnelle Landnutzungsveränderungen ; insbesondere Entwaldung ; aus. Der erste Aufsatz befasst sich mit Zahlungen für Ökosystemleistungen (engl.: PES) als potentielles Anreizinstrument für eine nachhaltige Landnutzung im globalen Süden. Landwirtschaft ; insbesondere kleinbäuerliche Landwirtschaft in Entwicklungsländern ; wird als Hauptverursacher von Entwaldung weltweit betrachtet. Parallel haben afrikanische Länder den landwirtschaftlichen Sektor als zentralen Akteur in ihren Wachstumsstrategien identifiziert und zielen auf eine Erhöhung der Produktivität ab. Empirische Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch ; dass in den meisten Fällen Produktivitätssteigerungen in der Landwirtschaft negative Auswirkungen auf die Flächennutzung ; insbesondere Entwaldung ; haben. PES ; die (bereits existierende) Förderprogramme in der Landwirtschaft an den Erhalt von Waldflächen knüpfen ; sind ein potentielles Instrument ; um diesen Zielkonflikt zu entschärfen. Die bisherige Forschung zu PES hat diese Verknüpfung bisher jedoch nur unzureichend behandelt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz basiert auf einem Discrete Choice Experiment in Sambia ; das Präferenzen von Kleinbauern für PES-Verträge erhoben hat. In hypothetischen Verträgen wurden Landwirtschaftsinputs bzw. Barzahlungen ; die an den Erhalt von bestehenden Waldflächen geknüpft sind ; Kleinbauern angeboten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ; dass die Teilnehmer Zahlungen in Form von Inputs stärker wertschätzen als Barzahlungen und dementsprechend bei dieser Zahlungsform geringere Beträge für einen Verzicht auf die Rodung von zusätzlichen Waldflächen verlangen. PES ; die Zahlungen in Form von landwirtschaftlichen Inputs anbieten ; sind daher ein effektives Politikinstrument ; um den Schutz von bestehenden Wäldern bei gleichzeitiger Förderung der kleinbäuerlichen Landwirtschaft zu gewährleisten. Der zweite Aufsatz dieser Dissertation untersucht die Effekte von Umweltmigration ; verursacht durch nicht-nachhaltige kleinbäuerliche Landnutzung ; auf Kooperationsverhalten in ruralen Ziel-Communities. Migration führt potentiell zur Diskriminierung von Migranten ; verringert das Sozialkapital und Vertrauen zwischen Dorfbewohnern und hat daher negative Auswirkungen auf das Kooperationsverhalten im Allgemeinen. Im Rahmen der Datenerhebungen in Sambia wurden neben einer Haushaltsbefragung incentivierte ; ökonomische Feldexperimente (Public Good Experimente) eingesetzt ; um Kooperationsverhalten zu messen. In den Experimenten wurde die Gruppenzusammensetzung hinsichtlich Migranten und der autochthonen Bevölkerung exogen variiert. Die Forschungsergebnisse liefern ein detailliertes Bild ; inwiefern Migration Kooperation in Ziel-Communities ; die über einen langen Zeitraum kontinuierlichen Migrationsströmen ausgesetzt waren ; beeinflusst. Auf der einen Seite finden wir keine Evidenz in den Befragungs- und Experimentdaten für negative Auswirkungen von Migration auf Kooperationsverhalten. Auf der anderen Seite zeigen die Ergebnisse jedoch ; dass die spezifischen Effekte stark davon abhängen ; welche Eigenschaften Migranten relativ zu der angestammten Bevölkerung haben. Im Forschungsgebiet weisen Migranten im Durchschnitt ein mehrfach höheres Einkommen als die autochthone Bevölkerung auf. In Dörfern ; in denen diese Einkommensunterschiede besonders stark ausgeprägt sind ; kooperieren Migranten mehr ; wenn sie als Minderheit am Experiment teilnehmen. Die Haushaltsbefragungen bestätigen diese Tendenz: Migranten tragen in diesen Dörfern auch mehr zu öffentlichen Gütern wie Schulen und Bohrlöchern bei ; insbesondere ; wenn sie über ein hohes Einkommen verfügen und je kürzer sie in dem Dorf leben. Dieses Verhalten interpretieren wir als Signal von Migranten bezüglich ihrer Pro-Sozialität und ihrem Willen ; sich in die Dorfgemeinschaft zu integrieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen ; dass die Effekte von Migration auf Kooperation in ländlichen Gebieten von den Eigenschaften der Migranten relativ zu der angestammten Bevölkerung abhängen. Darüber hinaus deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin ; dass Dorfgemeinschaften resilient gegenüber Migrationsbewegungen sind und ihre Kooperationsfähigkeiten trotz dieser Veränderungen aufrechterhalten können. Der dritte und letzte Aufsatz dieser Dissertation ist ein methodischer Beitrag zu Feldexperimenten ; die vermehrt in der umweltökonomischen Forschung in Entwicklungsländern eingesetzt werden. Im Rahmen von zwei Feldexperimenten in Namibia wurde untersucht ; welche Abläufe hinsichtlich der Anonymität von Entscheidungen zwischen Experimenter und Teilnehmer sogenannte Demand-Effekte minimieren können. Anhand des Dictator und des Joy-of-Destruction-Experiments wurde pro- bzw. anti-soziales Verhalten bei 480 Teilnehmern gemessen. Neben einem strikten Doppel-Anonymitäts-Treatment ; das die individuellen Entscheidungen von Teilnehmern nicht zuordnen lässt ; wurden zwei verschiedene Varianten von Einfach-Anonymität implementiert ; die Rückschlüsse der Experimenter auf individuelles Verhalten zulassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ; dass eine methodisch-fundierte Implementierung von Experimenten im Feld einen hohen Stellenwert haben sollte. Sowohl im Dictator als auch Joy-of-Destruction-Experiment ist Doppel-Anonymität keine Voraussetzung ; um Demand-Effekte erfolgreich zu minimieren. Vielmehr ist es die Anonymität der Teilnehmer während des Experiments ; die sowohl pro- als auch anti-soziales Verhalten signifikant beeinflusst. Sobald individuelle Entscheidungen direkt ; jedoch privat dem Experimenter mitgeteilt werden ; beobachten wir signifikant stärkeres pro-soziales und signifikant weniger anti-soziales Verhalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ; dass eine ex-post Zuordnung der individuellen Entscheidungen nach den Experimenten durch Identifikationsnummern keine zusätzlichen Demand-Effekte im Vergleich zur vollen Doppel-Anonymität induziert. Zusätzlich zeigt dieser Aufsatz ; dass Experiment-Protokolle die Entscheidungsumgebung der Teilnehmer exakt erfassen sollten ; um die Replizierbarkeit von Feldexperimente zu gewährleisten.

Seventy-five percent of the world's poor live in rural areas with a vast majority depending on agriculture. But all too often access to land is problematic and the legal status of land rights ; especially of smallholder farmers ; is unclear. Land reforms are therefore high on the international development agenda. However ; empirical evidence is mixed ; and some aspects ; such as the effects of voluntary resettlement ; are highly under-researched. My dissertation therefore aims at contributing to the identification of consequences of voluntary resettlement. Thereby ; I was guided by three central questions: 1. Did voluntary resettlement within a land reform affect social networks in the short run? 2. Do the land reform beneficiaries face the danger of a risk-induced poverty trap and does this threat differ between resettled and non-resettled participants? 3. How does the land distribution and initial agricultural success affect subjective economic well-being of the beneficiaries? The data collection took place within a land reform project in Cambodia where so called social land concessions are granted to landless or land-poor households. Beneficiaries could apply for agricultural land ; settlement land ; or both types of land. This enabled me to compare those who received only agricultural land (non-resettled households) with those who received agricultural and settlement land (resettled households). The research is based on a data set consisting of ex-ante survey data on the socio-economic situation of future land recipients and an appropriate control group ; ex-post survey data of the same households collected about one and a half year after the intervention ; and ex-post experimental data of the land recipients dealing with risk-taking and the willingness to show solidarity with anonymous village members. This dissertation shows that the willingness to support fellow villagers is significantly lower in the resettled community than in the non-resettled communities. Resettled land recipients transfer on average between 47 and 75 percent less money than non-resettled players. Hence ; the social costs of voluntary resettlement seem to be significantly higher than commonly assumed. In line with this finding ; solidarity expectations are lower for resettled than for non-resettled land recipients. As expectations are in turn positively related to risk-taking and the reaction to past success is stronger in the non-resettled community ; I can show that the danger of path-dependency and a risk-induced poverty trap exists for all land recipients but that it seems to be higher for resettled project members. As a complementary to these objective approaches ; I analyze subjective economic well-being of the land recipients and a control group. I find that it is positively correlated with land size. This outcome does not only originate from monetary effects ; as identified correlations remain significant after controlling for income. For that reason ; it is likely that not only today's income but also improved future economic prospects and increased economic stability play an important role for subjective economic well-being of land recipients. Moreover ; those respondents who manage to put the received land under agricultural production show a higher subjective economic well-being indicating that success matters for farmers' well-being. This dissertation adds furthermore to the scarce evidence on causal effects of contract farming in the sphere of a large-scale land acquisition. Recently ; large-scale land acquisition has increased dramatically in the developing world. The question how land deals affect the local population became therefore highly relevant. Despite controversial findings in the literature ; studies identifying the causal effect of contract farming on farmers' circumstances are rare and often rely on weak instruments. The fourth paper of this dissertation made use of a unique dataset incorporating information on outgrowers and independent farmers in the context of a large-scale land acquisition in Ghana where contract allocation took place as a quasi-natural experiment. The analysis was guided by the following question: 4. Does contract farming contribute to the overall subjective well-being of participating farmers? We identify a positive effect of contract farming on subjective well-being. It seems that contract farming increases security of the participating farmers as secure rights to land matter substantially for the overall life satisfaction of non-contract but not of contract farmers.

Afghanistan is an ancient country with rich natural resources and rich traditional medicine. The country is known as a resource base for many wild-collected medicinal and aromatic plants that are well recognized in regional and international markets. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Afghanistan represent important health and economic components of the country's biodiversity. The country has a high floristic diversity ; it is estimated that there are about 5,000 species of flowering plants with many of them endemic. Afghanistan is a landlocked country and situated in the subtropical ; dry zones of Southwest Asia that has continental types of climate characterized by desert ; steppe ; and highland temperature and precipitation regimes. The main part of the land cover of Afghanistan ; 30,243,985 ha ; is made up of rangeland (47%) ; which is the main habitat for MAPs. The sharp climatic seasonality gives rise to the extensive development in Afghanistan of peculiar diversity of vegetation Wild collection of MAPs has a long history in the country and it contributes to traditional medicine and the local economies of the populations. Afghanistan exports each year around 50 medicinal and aromatic plant raw materials to different countries. Analysis of the export of MAP products shows ; that the exports of MAPs has been increased sharply from 2008 to 2016. Within the study period ; an annual average growth rate (AAGR) of 16.2% in comparison to 2.4% in the volumes of exports in global trade was observed Increases in the collection of medicinal plants ; long lasting war ; a breakdown of the governmental and local systems of monitoring ; poverty ; climate change and the susceptibility of Afghanistan to desertification are the main threats to natural MAP resources. Much of the wild flora of the country is experiencing a significant decline on account of habitat loss and degradation. Government agencies have played a limited role in conservation work over the last four decades ; therefore the present status of the natural resources of wild MAPs is a great concern. This study has been conducted with the objectives of resource analysis of potential species of MAPs ; and evaluating approaches for sustainable resource management of wild medicinal plants. In this study ; four species (Glycyrrihiza sp. Ferula sp. ; Cuminum sp. ; and Bunium sp.) have been screened out as the potentially viable products among the wild collections in Afghanistan. In order to conduct this study ; four aspects of natural resources were evaluated through appropriate frameworks: status of resources and conservation measures ; socioeconomic ; trade and marketing ; and technological proficiencies for the processing and standardization of products. Every aspect comprises certain criteria (in total 25 variables) ; which were scored according to their relative significance through focusing on defined benchmarks. Based on the study of the distribution pattern of the selected MAPs ; Herat province was targeted in this study. The dataset has been analyzed with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The histograms produced by SPSS analysis ; demonstrate the status of every criterion for the species studied in all 15 districts of the province. It depicts that the abundance and state of conservation of Glycyrrhiza sp. and Cuminum sp. are in a relatively better status compared to the two other plants ; though the status of Ferula sp. is critical. The study reveals ; that districts of Chesht-e-Sharif ; Kohsan ; and Pashtun Zarghun have the highest potentials in conservation ; trade and marketing ; and opportunities for the improvement of the supply chain and quality of the products. In contrast ; Obe ; Zandajan ; Kushk-e-Kohna ; Kushk-e-Robat Sangi and Adraskan are the poorest districts in this regard ; respectively. The study demonstrates that the risk of the threat to the selected species is high in the following order: Ferula sp.> Bunium sp. > Cuminum sp.> Glycyrrhiza sp. It also depicts ; that the potential for sustainable management for the species varies in the following order: Glycyrrhiza sp. > Bunium sp. > Ferula sp.> Cuminum sp. To analyze the relationship between certain specific criteria ; structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used. SEM reveals that abundance of the species in all cases have significant partial regression coefficients on the potential for sustainable management (0.33 ; 0.48 ; 1.07 ; 0.2 ; respectively). This signifies that the physical capacity of resources enhances the attraction of more investments by the different stakeholders in different segments of the supply chain. Meanwhile ; abilities and skills for technological proficiencies have a negative regression coefficient effect on potential for sustainable management. Some other SEM has been studied of the relationship between different variables with the aim of the quantification of different factors effects. Based on the finding of the study ; different approaches for the sustainable resource management have been discussed. Among them are updating discussed strategies ; developing action plans with the focus to realities ; engagement of the community in sustainable resource management ; establishing collaboration between stakeholders in the area of biodiversity and natural resources ; generation of evidence-based information about MAPs ; establishing certification system ; and capacity enhancement of communities ; collectors and other relevant technical staff.

The latest food ; fuel ; and financial crises raised tremendously the interest in global farmland. After decades of neglecting the agricultural sector ; investment is urgently needed to close the yield gap in developing countries. While its drivers have been widely discussed ; insights on underlying processes and associated impacts are still incomplete. This dissertation therefore analyses how the surrounding institutional environment shapes the implementation of an investment and how this in turn produces varying outcomes. It further provides a rigorous impact assessment with a focus on contract farming as a tool to commercialise farmers' agricultural production in the vicinity of a large-scale investment in land. The empirical analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative data from Ghana and Kenya. The first essay (Nolte and Väth ; 2013) shows that the present land governance systems in Ghana and Kenya are incapable to cope with the increasing pressure on land. As well-defined rules and proper enforcement are missing ; the general process of acquiring land most often disregards the procedures laid down by the legislation. Hence ; investors determine to a large extent how their specific project affects the host country. This in turn leads to repercussions for the land governance system. As investors often misuse the 'institutional self-service shop' to their own benefit ; they provoke resistance by the local population ; civil society organisations and the international community. Our comparative analysis therefore reveals that large-scale land acquisitions can trigger institutional reform of the land governance system. The second essay (Väth ; 2013) displays that large-scale land acquisitions produce varying outcomes. A land governance system with poorly harmonised formal regulations and customary rules ; as well as asymmetric power relations between investors ; state agents and traditional authorities ; allows actors to lobby for particular sub-groups of the local population and to convert outcomes of land acquisitions into own benefits. This case study further sensitises to rural social differentiation in the vicinity of an oil palm company. The analysis reveals that investment neither meets a homogenous local population nor yields to equal outcomes. Rather ; it produces negative and positive effects depending on households' distance to the company's centre of operation ; the amount of land a household loses ; its possibility to gain permanent or casual employment or its chance to farm under contract. Thus ; the essay discloses that large-scale investment in land is often neither completely detrimental nor fully beneficial ; but requires accompanying measures to mitigate increasing inequality. The third essay (Väth and Kirk ; 2014) focuses on the analysis of a potentially beneficial outgrower scheme in a competitive setting in Ghana. Here an investor faces excess demand due to large production capacities and offers long-term contracts for oil palm farming to rural households whose property rights remain untouched. Due to a unique setting where contract allocation occurred as a quasi-natural experiment ; we are able to estimate causal effects. We find that contract farming enhances participants' asset endowment and perceived future security ; which offers long-term security and thus ; enables rural households to invest in non-farm activities. At the same time ; we show that farmers earn higher agricultural income and profit per acre when they cultivate oil palm independently. We suggest that economic integration of the local population seems to be most beneficial if investors aim at a mix of outgrower schemes and buying from independently managed plots. However ; as the poorest people are often excluded from participation ; it is not per se an instrument to reduce poverty. The fourth essay (Väth et al. ; 2014) focuses on overall subjective well-being as outcome variable to jointly capture monetary and non-monetary aspects of a contract. Thus ; by controlling for income effects ; the subjective well-being approach enables us to emphasise on security-related aspects and risk-reducing mechanisms. We find that outgrower schemes mainly enhance subjective well-being by fulfilling security needs ; as property rights for land – which are also associated with increased security – play an important role for non-contract farmers but not for contract farmers. We identify a partially substitutive relationship between contract farming and secure property rights to land. However ; we do not suggest that contracts can replace secure property rights to land ; we rather claim that outgrower schemes can enhance subjective well-being ; especially through security gains in a setting where existing local land rights are respected. Hence ; this essay reveals that contract farming in the vicinity of a large-scale investment in land can have a beneficial effect as it helps farmers in our case study to overcome lacks of security.

SUMMARY This study aims to examine the extent to which entrepreneurial characters of co-operative leaders is related to the success of agribusiness co-operatives ; so that the findings can be used to form strategies for developing agribusiness co-operatives. This general objective can be achieved through some of the following operational objectives ; namely to: (1) analyze factors that influence the development of co-operatives to determine success levels of agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia ; (2) identify characteristics of co-operative entrepreneurs in successful agribusiness co-operatives ; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of co-operative education and training (CET) programs in Indonesia ; and (4) formulate strategies for developing co-operative entrepreneurs and agribusiness co-operatives in Indonesia. The research was conducted in thirty dairy co-operatives in the Provinces of West Java and East Java. The determination of dairy co-operatives as the object of study was done deliberately ; because dairy co-operatives in Indonesia are established in one of two ways ; either in the form of a KUD which is established by government policy (top-down approach) or in the form of a Non-KUD ; which is established naturally by dairy farmers (bottom-up approach). Analyses were conducted on the performance of co-operatives in 2000 ; and on the growth of co-operative businesses over five years (1996-2000). The data collected were analyzed in terms of the business and organizational aspects of co-operatives. Research respondents included co-operative boards of directors (BOD) ; managers ; employees ; and members and non-members of co-operatives ; coming to a total of 420 respondents. Two indices were made ; one each for business and organizational variables. After this was done ; both of these indexes were plotted to form quadrants ; in which the thirty dairy co-operatives distributed themselves into four typologies. The best co-operatives were those in the typology of Quadrant-I ; which had relatively better performance in both business and organizational aspects than those in the other typologies. There were ten co-operatives in Quadrant-1 ; four co-operatives in Quadrant-II ; and ten and six co-operatives in Quadrant-III and IV ; respectively. Additionally ; the two indices were then processed into a single index called the Dairy Co-operative Development Index ; which sorted the thirty sample co-operatives from best-to-worst performance. The performance of co-operative leaders was analyzed by comparing their performance among quadrants. A statistical test was used to determine whether the character of co-operative leaders was significantly different among quadrants ; particularly between Quadrant-I and the other Quadrants. This study shows that co-operative leaders in Quadrant-I have traits frequently recognized as entrepreneurial traits ; namely the highest score for internal locus of control and the need for achievement ; an ideal graph form of social motives ; as well as a moderate risk-taking attitude. To examine the third operational objective ; the study observed the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia. The primary data was obtained from 58 co-operative lecturers from 32 universities throughout Indonesia and 206 students who were taking co-operative studies at four sampled universities. In addition to this ; expert interviews were conducted with eight co-operative experts ; using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The result showed that the implementation of CET programs in Indonesia was still not effective in supporting the development of co-operatives. In addition ; a review of the implementation of co-operative education at universities showed that co-operative education was still not capable of motivating students to contribute to the development of co-operatives. The strategy proposed for developing CE consists of developing its three pillars ; namely: (1) building understanding and confidence in co-operatives ; (2) developing business and technological knowledge and skills ; and (3) developing altruistic leadership skills. Meanwhile ; the strategy for developing agribusiness co-operatives prioritizes the development of the existing agribusiness co-operatives ; which is formulated while referring to the typology of co-operatives and Co-operative Development Index.

Liquidität und Werthaltigkeit der Anlage der freien Mittel aus der Bildung von Rückstellungen für Stilllegung, Rückbau und Entsorgung der Atomkraftwerke Kurzstudie 2. Korrektur der Fassung vom 15. Juli 2015 zu Händen der Fraktion Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen im Deutschen Bundestag

The internet is an unlimited growing and most comfortable information and communication base. In this context, web portals on the internet play an important role created for combining communication facilities and information data bases. An increasing number of portals involve web-based map applications to integrate geographic information for the representation of economical and other records. Web-based map applications are typically designed in a client-server architecture. Different solutions exist using especially HTML and JavaScript, Flash or Java applets. We discuss these possibilities and point out an alternative solution. Particularly, we show how to use Java Applet Technology and Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) in this field. Finally, we report about our results as a complete, flexible map service solution which is available on the internet. An adapted kind of solution will be used by a geo-based marketing portal for offering information about the economic situation, social and cultural aspects and natural facts of regions to support joint-ventures inside the European Union.

Since the 1980's, against the backdrop of global warming and the decline of conventional energy resources, low emission and renewable energy systems have gotten into the focus of politics as well as research and development. In order to decrease the emission of greenhouse gases Germany intents to generate 80% of its electrical energy from renewable and low emission sources by 2050. For low emission electricity generation hydrogen operated fuel cells are a potential solution. However, although fuel cell technology has been well known since the 19th century cost effective materials are needed to achieve a breakthrough in the market. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Material At the Westphalian Energy Institute of the Wesphalian University of Applied Sciences one main focus is on the research of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). PEMFC membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) consist of a polymer membrane with electrolytic properties covered on both sides by a catalyst layer (CL) as well as a porous and electrical conductive gas diffusion layer (GDL). For PEMFC carbon nanotubes (CNT) have ideal properties as electrode material concerning electrical conductivity, oxidation resistance and media transport. CNTs are suitable for the use as catalyst support material within the CL due to their large surface in comparison to conventional carbon supports. Furthermore, oxygen plasma treated CNTs show electrochemical activity referred to hydrogen adsorption and desorption, which has been shown by cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution. According to the PEMFCs anode a GDL coated with oxygen plasma activated CNTs has promising properties to significantly reduce catalyst content (e.g. platinum) of the anodic CL.

Literacy acquisition is one of the primary goals of school education, and usually it takes place in the national language of the respective country. At the same time, schools accommodate pupils with different home languages who might or might not be fluent in the national language and who start from other linguistic backgrounds in their acquisition of literacy. While it is safe to say that schools with a monolingual policy are not prepared to deal with the factual multilingualism in their classrooms in a systematic way, bilingual pupils have to deal with it nonetheless. The interdisciplinary and comparative research project "Literacy Acquisition in Schools in the Context of Migration and Multilingualism" (LAS) investigated the practical processes of literacy acquisition in two countries, Germany and Turkey, where the monolingual orientation of schools is as much a reality as are the multilingual backgrounds of many of their pupils. The basic assumption was that pupils cope with the ways they are engaged by the school – both socially and academically – based on their cultural and linguistic repertoires acquired biographically, providing them with more or less productive options regarding the acquisition of literary skills. By comparing the literary development of bilingual children with that of their monolingual classmates throughout one school year in the first and the seventh grade in Germany and Turkey, respectively, we found out that the restricting potential of multilingualism is located rather on the part of the schools than on the part of the pupils. While the individual bilingual pupil almost naturally uses his/her home language as a resource for literacy acquisition in the school language, schools still tend to regard the multilingual backgrounds of their pupils as irrelevant or even as an impediment to adequate schooling. We argue that by ignoring or even suppressing the specific linguistic potentials of bilingualism, bilingual pupils are put at a structural disadvantage. This research report is the slightly revised but full version of the final study project report from 2011 that was until now not available as a quotable publication. While several years have passed since the primary research was finalized, the addressed issues have lost none of their relevance. The report is accompanied by numerous publications in the frame of the LAS project, as well as by a web page (https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/daf/projekte/las), which also contains the presentations from the final LAS-Conference, including valuable discussions of the report from renowed experts in the field. ; Der Erwerb von Schriftsprache ist eines der Hauptziele der schulischen Bildung und erfolgt in der Regel in der dominanten Sprache des jeweiligen Landes. Gleichzeitig haben viele Schülerinnen und Schüler eine andere Familiensprache als die Landessprache. Den Erwerb der Schriftsprache in der Landessprache gehen sie von einem anderen sprachlichen Hintergrund aus an als monolinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Schule ist mit ihrer monolingualen Politik weitestgehend nicht bereit, sich mit der faktischen Mehrsprachigkeit in ihren Klassenräumen systematisch umzugehen, die zweisprachigen Schülerinnen und Schüler selbst aber müssen sich damit auseinandersetzen. Das interdisziplinäre und vergleichende Forschungsprojekt "Literacy Acquisition in Schools in the Context of Migration and Multilingualism" (LAS) untersuchte die praktischen Prozesse des Schriftspracherwerbs in zwei Ländern, Deutschland und der Türkei, in denen die einsprachige Ausrichtung von Schulen ebenso Realität ist wie der mehrsprachige Hintergrund vieler ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Grundannahme war, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler auf der Grundlage ihres biographisch erworbenen kulturellen und sprachlichen Repertoires einen spezifischen Weg finden, mit den sprachlichen und sozialen Herausforderungen und Erwartungen der Schule zurecht zu kommen und mehr oder weniger produktive und kreative Wege des Schriftspracherwerbs entwickeln. Der in dem Projekt vorgenommene Vergleich des Schriftspracherwerbs zweisprachiger Kinder mit der ihren einsprachigen Klassenkameraden während eines Schuljahres in der ersten bzw. siebten Klasse in Deutschland und der Türkei zeigt, dass die Mehrsprachigkeit der Schülerinnen und Schüler eher ein Problem der Schule ist als eins der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Während der/die einzelne zweisprachige Schüler/in fast selbstverständlich seine/ihre Familiensprache als Ressource für den Schriftspracherwerb in der dominanten Schulsprache nutzt, neigen die Schulen immer noch dazu, den mehrsprachigen Hintergrund ihrer Schüler als irrelevant oder sogar als Hindernis für eine adäquate Schulbildung zu betrachten. Wir argumentieren, dass zweisprachige Schüler strukturell benachteiligt werden, wenn die Schule die spezifischen sprachlichen Potenziale der Zweisprachigkeit ignoriert oder sogar unterdrückt. Dieser Forschungsbericht ist die leicht revidierte, aber vollständige Version des Abschlussberichts der Studiengruppe aus dem Jahr 2011, der bisher nicht als zitierfähige Publikation verfügbar war. Obwohl seit dem Abschluss unserer Forschung mehrere Jahre vergangen sind, haben die behandelten Themen nichts von ihrer Relevanz verloren. Der Bericht wird begleitet von zahlreichen Publikationen im Rahmen des LAS-Projekts sowie von einer Webseite (https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/daf/projekte/las), die auch die Präsentationen der abschliessenden LAS-Konferenz enthält, einschliesslich wertvoller Diskussionen des Berichts von namhaften Experten auf dem Gebiet der schulischen Bildung.