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The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce qu'une responsabilité collective? Plus encore, pour faire de la responsabilisation une technique politique de gouvernement, quels processus et instruments s'agit-il de mobiliser pour rendre des acteurs collectivement responsables?À travers le cas de la filière des DEEE, cette thèse propose des principes de la co-régulation. Nous nous appuyons sur la littérature sur les communs, où ont été discutées les conditions d'une gestion et d'une gouvernance collectives. La thèse repose sur une approche exploratoire, qualitative et longitudinale. Une analyse comparative au niveau européen permet une mise en perspective des propositions théoriques.

The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce ...

International audience ; À l'aune de l'économie circulaire, le gisement de déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) devient une source essentielle de matières premières secondaires pour répondre aux besoins croissants du numérique et des énergies vertes, gourmands en métaux stratégiques. Mais exploiter ces ressources suppose d'abord de dépolluer ces déchets qui contiennent des substances dangereuses aux conséquences dramatiques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Ces enjeux multiples et potentiellement contradictoires ont conduit à la mise en place de règles de gouvernance collectives qui associent producteurs, recycleurs et pouvoirs publics. En Europe, les DEEE sont soumis au principe de Responsabilité élargie du producteur (REP), qui désigne les producteurs comme responsables de la fin de vie des produits mis sur le marché. En France, le principe de REP s'est traduit par la création d'un dispositif de gestion des déchets original dont la gouvernance se rapproche de celle des ressources communes étudiée par Elinor Ostrom. Cet article développe cette analogie singulière afin de proposer un regard nouveau sur la politique de gestion des déchets en France et afin d'en identifier les axes d'amélioration possibles.

International audience ; According to Michel Foucault, neoliberal governmentality is closely linked to the issue of making individuals responsible (Foucault et al., 2010; Hache, 2007). In this perspective, unilateral public action (command and control) is considered not only inefficient but also illegitimate, and shall be replaced by different government techniques and governance methods aiming at making them responsible (accountable) and equip them with new capabilities (empowerment). Thus, the State does not give up its regulation power but make it change towards more negotiated forms of governance, based on flexible and incentive instruments. This phenomenon has been labeled hybrid regulation to capture the idea that complementary forms of public and private regulations coexist in transnational governance (Levi-Faur, 2011; Djelic & Sahlin-Andersson, 2006). However, under this label, heterogeneous practices have been developed, with different degree of hybridization (Cafaggi, 2012), ranging from forms of loose co-shaping between private and public regulations to stronger co-regulation where explicit governance structures are purposefully set to organize role-plays and subsidiarity rules between the different parties. This paper addresses the latter form of hybrid regulation in the e-waste sector where such a policy has been implemented in Europe based on the concept of extended producer responsibility. We analyze the rationale for such a policy and its implementation in practice.

International audience ; In the neoliberal governmentality current, hybrid regulation captures the idea that complementary forms of public and private regulations coexist, which encourages the emergence and the participation of regulatory intermediaries in the process of policy making. Despite numerous experiments, hybrid co-regulation has received little attention and is under theorized. To understand how hybrid regulation is implemented in practice, this paper focus on the case of waste management in Europe and the concept of extended producer responsibility (EPR). In France under the EPR principle, producers created collective organizations (PROs), whereas in Germany an individual responsibility was prefered. The French case analysis and the comparison of the two systems show that, beyond their mere legal intermediary status, PROs revealed to be key actors with a significant influence on the waste sector organization and dynamics.

International audience ; In the neoliberal governmentality current, hybrid regulation captures the idea that complementary forms of public and private regulations coexist, which encourages the emergence and the participation of regulatory intermediaries in the process of policy making. Despite numerous experiments, hybrid co-regulation has received little attention and is under theorized. To understand how hybrid regulation is implemented in practice, this paper focus on the case of waste management in Europe and the concept of extended producer responsibility (EPR). In France under the EPR principle, producers created collective organizations (PROs), whereas in Germany an individual responsibility was prefered. The French case analysis and the comparison of the two systems show that, beyond their mere legal intermediary status, PROs revealed to be key actors with a significant influence on the waste sector organization and dynamics.

International audience ; According to Michel Foucault, neoliberal governmentality is closely linked to the issue of making individuals responsible (Foucault et al., 2010; Hache, 2007). In this perspective, unilateral public action (command and control) is considered not only inefficient but also illegitimate, and shall be replaced by different government techniques and governance methods aiming at making them responsible (accountable) and equip them with new capabilities (empowerment). Thus, the State does not give up its regulation power but make it change towards more negotiated forms of governance, based on flexible and incentive instruments. This phenomenon has been labeled hybrid regulation to capture the idea that complementary forms of public and private regulations coexist in transnational governance (Levi-Faur, 2011; Djelic & Sahlin-Andersson, 2006). However, under this label, heterogeneous practices have been developed, with different degree of hybridization (Cafaggi, 2012), ranging from forms of loose co-shaping between private and public regulations to stronger co-regulation where explicit governance structures are purposefully set to organize role-plays and subsidiarity rules between the different parties. This paper addresses the latter form of hybrid regulation in the e-waste sector where such a policy has been implemented in Europe based on the concept of extended producer responsibility. We analyze the rationale for such a policy and its implementation in practice.

National audience ; As circular economy seems to lastingly take root in political agendas, the authors propose a chronological analysis of waste management policies in France. It traces the mutations of the different policy instruments which gradually operationalize the shift from an originally "waste disposal" centered policy, to a larger goal of transitioning toward a more circular economy. Even though this transition becomes a political priority, this question still remains emerging in the public policy field and the policy instruments sub-field, as well as in the communities which promote this new economic development model. ; Au moment où l'économie circulaire semble s'inviter durablement dans l'agenda politique, les auteurs proposent une analyse chronologique retraçant les mutations de l'instrumentation d'action publique qui accompagnent et viennent progressivement opérationnaliser le basculement d'une politique, initialement centrée sur l'élimination des déchets, à un objectif plus large de transition vers une économie circulaire; question qui reste encore émergente dans le sous-champ de l'analyse des politiques publiques par les instruments, mais aussi dans les communautés qui promeuvent ce nouveau modèle de développement, et ce alors même que sa mise en place concrète devient une priorité politique.

National audience ; As circular economy seems to lastingly take root in political agendas, the authors propose a chronological analysis of waste management policies in France. It traces the mutations of the different policy instruments which gradually operationalize the shift from an originally "waste disposal" centered policy, to a larger goal of transitioning toward a more circular economy. Even though this transition becomes a political priority, this question still remains emerging in the public policy field and the policy instruments sub-field, as well as in the communities which promote this new economic development model. ; Au moment où l'économie circulaire semble s'inviter durablement dans l'agenda politique, les auteurs proposent une analyse chronologique retraçant les mutations de l'instrumentation d'action publique qui accompagnent et viennent progressivement opérationnaliser le basculement d'une politique, initialement centrée sur l'élimination des déchets, à un objectif plus large de transition vers une économie circulaire; question qui reste encore émergente dans le sous-champ de l'analyse des politiques publiques par les instruments, mais aussi dans les communautés qui promeuvent ce nouveau modèle de développement, et ce alors même que sa mise en place concrète devient une priorité politique.