Suchergebnisse

This article aims at the production of maps applied to governance studies using the R programing language. We have written a code which can be used perfectly for other graphical representations related to the making of cartographies, geoprocessing and statistical models. Our debate indicates how important the visual models are showing their relevance for different fields of knowledge such as political science, public policies, law, history, biology, public health, medicine and urban planning among others. It is also an invitation to quantitative analysis for governance studies since different kinds of investigation on the matter are conducted without much image support or geo-interfaces. With reference to inter/transdisciplinary research, we call the attention to the fact that the production of applied research is intimately connected to different actors, perspectives and know-how. ; Este artículo tiene como objetivo la producción de mapas aplicados a los estudios de gobernanza utilizando el lenguaje de programación R. Hemos escrito un código que puede usarse perfectamente para otras representaciones gráficas relacionadas con la realización de cartografías, geoprocesamiento y modelos estadísticos. Nuestro debate indica cuán importantes son los modelos visuales que muestran su relevancia para diferentes campos del conocimiento, tales como ciencias políticas, políticas públicas, derecho, historia, biología, salud pública, medicina y planificación urbana, entre otros. También es una invitación al análisis cuantitativo para los estudios de gobernanza, ya que se realizan diferentes tipos de investigación sobre el tema sin mucho soporte de imágenes o geointerfaces. Con referencia a la investigación inter / transdisciplinaria, llamamos la atención sobre el hecho de que la producción de investigación aplicada está íntimamente conectada con diferentes actores, perspectivas y conocimientos. ; O presente artigo tem como objetivo a produção de mapas aplicados a estudos de governança com o auxílio da linguagem de programação em R. Escrevemos um código que pode ser usado perfeitamente para outras representações gráficas relacionadas à criação de cartografias, geoprocessamento e modelos estatísticos. O debate proposto indica quão importante são os modelos visuais, uma vez que é relevante em diferentes campos do conhecimento como ciência política, políticas públicas, direito, história, biologia, saúde pública, medicina e planejamento urbano entre outros. É também um convite à análise quantitativa para estudos de governança, já que muitas formas de pesquisa sobre o tema ocorrem sem muito suporte de imagens ou interfaces geográficas. Quanto à pesquisa inter/transdisciplinar, ressaltamos o fato de que a produção da pesquisa aplicada está intimamente relacionada a distintos atores, perspectivas e saberes.

The conflict between property system and the right to housing has evolved into a more complex inquiry since the beginning of the present research. Our initial analysis on the effectiveness of the social function in ownership discovered in tribunal decisions how restricted was the understanding of property concept. The liberal perception of non-interference in the economy of real estate market reduced the legal debate about the internal limits of property to a financial binary relation, for instance, individuals affected by mortgages and credit institutions, tenants and non-residential landlords, families living in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions and investors. However, the housing problem causes yet a certain legal inquietude since the number of non-occupied properties and the cost of rents are still increasing in Brazil and Spain. Examining the data available for both countries, we found a macroeconomic variable in urban development and housing access intimately linked to stock exchange markets. In addition, the absolute notion of property right is an obstacle inherited from the civil law tradition that impedes the openness of the ownership system to its social dimension. The aim of our thesis is the effective defence of the right to housing as a legal instrument associated with the social function of property and as a connecting factor to other rights in urban context. Our hypothesis requires a three- dimensional rationality for adequate judgments beyond the task of tribunals. A set of reasons of how both societies can limit the transnational real estate speculation, overcome the civil law tradition in an inert tension with democratic sovereignties and use the social function like a legal category so that the effectiveness of the right to housing serves as a turning point for the right to city. ; El conflicto entre el sistema de propiedad y el derecho a la vivienda se ha convertido en una investigación más compleja desde el comienzo del presente trabajo. Nuestro análisis inicial sobre la efectividad de la ...

[eng] The conflict between property system and the right to housing has evolved into a more complex inquiry since the beginning of the present research. Our initial analysis on the effectiveness of the social function in ownership discovered in tribunal decisions how restricted was the understanding of property concept. The liberal perception of non-interference in the economy of real estate market reduced the legal debate about the internal limits of property to a financial binary relation, for instance, individuals affected by mortgages and credit institutions, tenants and non-residential landlords, families living in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions and investors. However, the housing problem causes yet a certain legal inquietude since the number of non-occupied properties and the cost of rents are still increasing in Brazil and Spain. Examining the data available for both countries, we found a macroeconomic variable in urban development and housing access intimately linked to stock exchange markets. In addition, the absolute notion of property right is an obstacle inherited from the civil law tradition that impedes the openness of the ownership system to its social dimension. The aim of our thesis is the effective defence of the right to housing as a legal instrument associated with the social function of property and as a connecting factor to other rights in urban context. Our hypothesis requires a three- dimensional rationality for adequate judgments beyond the task of tribunals. A set of reasons of how both societies can limit the transnational real estate speculation, overcome the civil law tradition in an inert tension with democratic sovereignties and use the social function like a legal category so that the effectiveness of the right to housing serves as a turning point for the right to city. ; [spa] El conflicto entre el sistema de propiedad y el derecho a la vivienda se ha convertido en una investigación más compleja desde el comienzo del presente trabajo. Nuestro análisis inicial sobre la efectividad de la función social de la propiedad identificó en decisiones de tribunales un ejercicio de comprensión muy estricto del concepto de propiedad. La percepción liberal de la no injerencia en la economía del mercado inmobiliario redujo el debate legal sobre los límites internos de la propiedad a una relación binaria financiera, por ejemplo, individuos afectados por hipotecas e instituciones de crédito, inquilinos y propietarios no residenciales, familias que viven en condiciones de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica e inversores. Sin embargo, la vivienda causa todavía cierta inquietud jurídica, ya que el número de propiedades no ocupadas y el costo de los alquileres siguen aumentando en Brasil y España. Examinando los datos disponibles para ambos países, encontramos una variable macroeconómica en el desarrollo urbano y el acceso a la vivienda íntimamente vinculados a los mercados bursátiles. Además, la noción absoluta de derecho de propiedad sigue siendo un obstáculo heredado de la civil law que impide la apertura del sistema de propiedad en su dimensión social. El objetivo de nuestra tesis es contribuir a la defensa efectiva del derecho a la vivienda como instrumento jurídico asociado a la función social de la propiedad y como factor de conexión con otros derechos en el contexto urbano. Nuestra hipótesis requiere una racionalidad tridimensional para juicios adecuados más allá de la tarea de los tribunales. Un conjunto de razones de cómo las dos sociedades pueden limitar la especulación inmobiliaria transnacional, superar la tradición del civil law en tensión inerte con las soberanías democráticas y utilizar la función social como categoría jurídica para que la efectividad del derecho a la vivienda sirva de punto de inflexión para el derecho a la ciudad. ; [por] O conflito entre o sistema de propriedade e o direito à moradia tornou-se uma indagação mais complexa desde o início da presente pesquisa. Nossa análise inicial sobre a eficácia da função social da propriedade identificou em decisões judiciais um exercício de compreensão muito estreita sobre o conceito de propriedade. A percepção liberal da não interferência na economia do mercado imobiliário reduziu o debate jurídico sobre os limites internos da propriedade para vínculos financeiros binários, por exemplo, pessoas afetadas por inadimplência de suas hipotecas versus instituições de crédito, inquilinos contra propriedades de pessoas jurídicas, famílias em condições de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica contra investidores. No entanto, a habitação ainda causa alguma inquietude legal, já que o número de imóveis desocupados e o custo de aluguéis continuam a aumentar no Brasil e na Espanha. Com base em análise de dados disponíveis para ambas realidades, encontramos uma variável macroeconômica no desenvolvimento urbano e o acesso a moradias intimamente ligados aos mercados de ações. Além disso, a noção absoluta sobre o direito de propriedade continua a ser um obstáculo herdado da tradição do direito civil que impede a abertura do sistema de propriedade a dimensões sociais. O objetivo da nossa tese é contribuir para a defesa efetiva do direito à moradia como instrumento jurídico associado à função social da propriedade e como fator de conexão para outros direitos em contexto urbano. Nossa hipótese requer uma racionalidade tridimensional para julgamentos adequados além da tarefa dos tribunais. Um conjunto de razões sobre como as duas sociedades podem limitar a especulação imobiliária transnacional, superar a tradição do direito civil em tensão inerte com soberanias democráticas e usar a função social como uma categoria legal para que a efetividade do direito à habitação sirva enquanto ponto de inflexão para o direito à cidade.

Treballs finals del Màster "Estudios Internacionales: organizaciones internacionales y cooperación – Colección Memorias MEI", Facultat de Dret, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2016-2017. Tutors: Laura Huici i Germà Bel ; [eng] The present work is devoted to the analysis of the real estate investments in the European Union context as a factor of making vulnerable the right to housing. However, in order to set the stage for the legal debate, we delve into a property market comparison between Spain and Sweden making explicit the dependent variables for the speculative model followed by the real estate investment trusts and how progressive taxes may discourage risky portfolios in ownership. The aim of our dissertation is an alternative proposition to avoid the financialisation of the property market that has permitted in EU the formation of dwelling stocks without residential immediate purposes, but exorbitant rental income and capital gains for the REITs. Using official data, statistics and other documents, we show how REITs can oscillate their supply between lettings and sales of assets relying on the dynamics of the aggregate demand, unemployment rates and the concentration of wealth. For the Swedish reality, we found that similar practices are discouraged by municipalities and the income tax system. ; [spa] El presente trabajo hace un análisis de las inversiones inmobiliarias en el contexto de la Unión Europea como un factor que ha contribuido para la vulneración del derecho a la vivienda. Sin embargo, el debate legal es antecedido por la comparación con el mercado de propiedades español y sueco. Explicitamos cuales son las variables dependientes para el modelo especulativo de estas sociedades de inversiones inmobiliarias y cómo los impuestos progresivos pueden desestimular tales carteras de riesgo. El objetivo de nuestra investigación es una propuesta alternativa para evitar la transformación del mercado inmobiliario en un sector financiero que ha permitido en la UE la formación de acciones de vivienda sin fines residenciales inmediatos, pero rentabilidad exorbitante y ganancias de capital de alquileres y venda de inmuebles. Utilizando datos oficiales, estadísticas y otros documentos, mostramos cómo las sociedades anónimas cotizadas de inversiones inmobiliarias pueden oscilar su tipo de oferta entre alquilar y vender sus activos basándose en la dinámica de la demanda agregada, las tasas de desempleo y la concentración de la riqueza. Para la realidad sueca, encontramos que las municipalidades y el sistema de impuesto a las ganancias no fomentan prácticas similares.

According to comparative law method, the present article delves into the social function of property question regarding its ineffectiveness in two different constitutional realities. Taking into consideration the case of eviction, in the Brazilian city of São José dos Campos, area of Pinheirinho; and the Spanish case in Tarragona, Catalonia, about abusive clauses in property contracts, human rights matters are setting the hard law stage for social constitutional principles and guarantees. Different constitutions along the present work emphasise the idea of social function of property as a historical experience not only circumscribed by Spain and Brazil cases. For the ineffectiveness overcoming in the debate about irresponsible proprietors, social movements and popular affirmative actions have made an effort to avoid human rights violations in housing matters, although their demands evoke questions of legal proceeding and consumer protection. ; Con base en el método de derecho comparado, el presente artículo se detiene en el debate de la función social de la propiedad y en su falta de efectividad en dos realidades constitucionales singulares. Teniendo en consideración el caso de desalojo de Pinheirinho, en la ciudad brasileña de São José dos Campos; y el caso español en Tarragona, Cataluña, sobre las cláusulas abusivas en los contratos de propiedad, materias de derechos humanos parecen delimitar cada vez más el escenario legal en defensa de garantías y principios sociales constitucionales. Distintas constituciones revisadas a lo largo del presente trabajo revelan la idea de función social de la propiedad como una experiencia histórica que no se circunscribe solamente a Brasil y España. Para la superación de la inefectiva aplicabilidad de la categoría jurídica debatida sobre propietarios irresponsables, movimientos sociales y acciones afirmativas populares han hecho un esfuerzo para evitar violaciones de derechos humanos en materia de vivienda, aun cuando sus demandas evocan preguntas del debido procedimiento y ...

The Covid-19 outbreak in 2020 took the world by surprise. The virus spread quickly around the globe and death tolls were constantly on the rise at early stages of the pandemic. Although vaccine rollouts have helped halt the number of deaths, inequality in accessing vaccines and effective treatments is still a major issue. From the onset, Covid-19 negatively impacted global well-being and myriad human rights. The present report examines how environmental protection and related human rights have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on link between environmental and human health, this report focuses on ecological human rights. The report aims to assess the negative effects of Covid-19 on the enjoyment and realization of particular rights, including the right to a healthy environment, the right to food, the right to water, the right to life and the right to health. It discusses how the pandemic interplays with the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030. The report also highlights how the pandemic in and of itself, as well as governmental response measures to it, have played a role in exacerbating pre-existing social and economic inequalities. The report places a special focus on the impact of response measures on marginalized groups, namely Indigenous communities, Afro-descendant communities and environmental defenders. The world is now facing the challenge of building back better. With this in mind, the report provides specific recommendations on how to move forward in a way that ensures human and environmental health are protected. These recommendations are mainly directed at international organizations and States in their decision-making processes. As they continue to face the devastating effects of the pandemic, States and international organizations need to guarantee that inequalities are not furthered and that the rights of marginalized groups are particularly protected.