Suchergebnisse

As more government documents are created in digital mediums, it is increasingly important that agencies could preserve and make them available to the public. This article discusses one group of government documents related to the war in Afghanistan and the landscape that would potentially preserve them. Based on the current conditions, there is a possibility that these documents and those of a similar nature may be overlooked and lost to future generations.In 2019, a series of articles published by The Washington Post provided an outlook of the war in Afghanistan mostly unknown to the public entitled "At War with the Truth." Citing government documents, they [the documents] reveal, that despite the oversight of three presidential administrations, billions of dollars spent, and thousands of lives lost, the government failed to tell the truth about the conflict through its first eighteen years. Drawn primarily from the Lessons Learned Reports produced by the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (S.I.G.A.R) and various other government documents, a story unfolds of inconsistent strategy amplified by intentionally misinforming the public about the war's progress. These documents were largely unclassified until The Washington Post sought to obtain them through a Freedom of Information Act request prompting the government to then restrict some documents. A move that was overturned following a nearly three-year legal battle.

When Francoism ended in 1975, it was deemed necessary to reform the Spanish administration. The effects of the 1960 reform had by then slowed down, & a change in political regime had to be accompanied by that of public administration. However, the center-Right (UCD) government concentrated only on implementing political reform, the reestablishment of free elections, & a consensus for democracy. In reality, the 1978 reform of the constitution led to the radical reform entailed by the creation of the Autonomous Communities. Indeed, each of the Communities has its own public administration & thus has broken with the centralizing model that until then had dominated Spain. Since 1982, successive socialist governments introduced certain changes in management of the administration but openly backed off from a more general reform. They thus opted for a policy of modernizing certain functional aspects of the administration in a period of fiscal pressure & controls on the state's budget to align themselves with the rest of Europe. Since 1996, Parti populaire governments have continued to pursue this modernizing policy, notably by introducing controls over the quality of public action, but also by reducing the role of the economy through a series of privatizations. 50 References. Adapted from the source document.

The concept of social structure suggested here has nothing to do with "structuralist" theories (like the maintained by Lévi-Strauss or Foucault), but it refers to the basic dimensions of social system: demographic, cultural, economic, political and historical, as in Braudel's "structural history". The relations between them determine the social place of every group or individual, making possible to take into account a holistic approach to society, rejecting the theories characterized by their methodological individualism. Structure is the most enduring element of social system, but nevertheless it changes: it is transformational in nature. The theory oí habitus by Bourdieu and the structuration theory by Giddens are understandable as "neo-structuralist" theories, which incorpórate social staicture and others elements of analysis in a comprehensive view. ; Se propone aquí un concepto de estructura social que no se identifica con las posiciones denominadas "estructuralistas" (como las de Lévi-Strauss o Foucault), sino que se refiere a las dimensiones básicas de la sociedad (demográfica, cultural, económica, política e histórica, al modo de la "historia estructural" de Braudel), de modo que las relaciones que se dan entre ellas determinan los lugares sociales que corresponden a cada miembro o grupo de la sociedad, pemiitiendo así la consideración de la totalidad y el rechazo del individualismo metodológico. La estructura es lo más permanente del sistema, y sin embargo está sujeta al cambio, por lo que puede hablarse de su condición transformacional. Las aportaciones de Bourdieu (con su teoria del habitus) y de Giddens (con la teoria de la estructuración) podrían entenderse como "neoestructuralistas", empeñadas en integrar la estructura social y otros elementos del análisis en el mismo objeto de conocimiento.

Drawing on three books published by Georgetown Professor Mark Tushnet, this article describes the main contemporary issues in American constitutional law (among the authors, in the Supreme Court & in congressional legislation). It focuses on the effects of the anti-terrorism acts passed by the Congress since 2001 (particularly the USA Patriot Act). The conservative shift in the Supreme Court (the Rehnquist Court) is also analyzed. Finally, the author tries to clarify some of the aspects related with the next vacancies in the Supreme Court. Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; When Francism ended in 1975, it was deemed necessary to reform the Spanish administration. The effects of the I960 reform had by then slowed down and a change in political regime had to be accompanied by that of public administration. However, the centre-right (UCD) government only concentrated upon implementing political reform, the re-establishment of free elections and of a consensus for democracy. In reality, the 1978 reform of the constitution led to the radical reform entailed by the creation of the Autonomous Communities. Indeed, each of the Communities has its own public administration and thus has broken with the centralizing model that until then had dominated Spain. Since 1982, successive socialist governments introduced certain changes in management of the administration but openly backed off from a more general reform. They thus opted for a policy of modernizing certain functional aspects of the administration in a period of fiscal pressure and control's on the state s budget in an attempt to align themselv es with the rest of Europe. Since 1996, Parti populaire governments have continued to pursue this modernizing policy, notably by introducing controls over the quality of public action, but also by reducing the role of the economy through a series of privatizations. ; En 1975, à la fin du franquisme, il était considéré comme nécessaire une réforme de l'administration. Les effets de la réforme initiée dans les années 1960 sont alors estompés, et le changement de régime politique doit être accompagné par celui de l'administration publique. Mais les gouvernements centre droit (UCD) se concentrent "seulement" sur la mise en oeuvre de la réforme politique, des élections libres et du consensus démocratique. Cependant, la Constitution de 1978 conduit de fait à la mise en oeuvre d'une réforme radicale en créant les Communautés Autonomes. En effet, chacune de ces Communautés est dotée d'une administration publique propre rompant ainsi avec le modèle centraliste qui dominait ...

International audience ; When Francism ended in 1975, it was deemed necessary to reform the Spanish administration. The effects of the I960 reform had by then slowed down and a change in political regime had to be accompanied by that of public administration. However, the centre-right (UCD) government only concentrated upon implementing political reform, the re-establishment of free elections and of a consensus for democracy. In reality, the 1978 reform of the constitution led to the radical reform entailed by the creation of the Autonomous Communities. Indeed, each of the Communities has its own public administration and thus has broken with the centralizing model that until then had dominated Spain. Since 1982, successive socialist governments introduced certain changes in management of the administration but openly backed off from a more general reform. They thus opted for a policy of modernizing certain functional aspects of the administration in a period of fiscal pressure and control's on the state s budget in an attempt to align themselv es with the rest of Europe. Since 1996, Parti populaire governments have continued to pursue this modernizing policy, notably by introducing controls over the quality of public action, but also by reducing the role of the economy through a series of privatizations. ; En 1975, à la fin du franquisme, il était considéré comme nécessaire une réforme de l'administration. Les effets de la réforme initiée dans les années 1960 sont alors estompés, et le changement de régime politique doit être accompagné par celui de l'administration publique. Mais les gouvernements centre droit (UCD) se concentrent "seulement" sur la mise en oeuvre de la réforme politique, des élections libres et du consensus démocratique. Cependant, la Constitution de 1978 conduit de fait à la mise en oeuvre d'une réforme radicale en créant les Communautés Autonomes. En effet, chacune de ces Communautés est dotée d'une administration publique propre rompant ainsi avec le modèle centraliste qui dominait jusqu'alors en Espagne. Depuis 1982, les gouvernements socialistes, tout en introduisant certains changements dans la gestion de l'administration en Espagne, renoncent expressément à la stratégie d'une réforme générale. Ils optent alors pour une politique de modernisation de certains aspects fonctionnels de l'administration dans cette période de pression fiscale et de contrôle du budget de l'Etat, en essayant de s'aligner sur le reste du continent. Depuis, 1996, les gouvernements du Parti Populaire ont poursuivi cette politique de modernisation, notamment en introduisant le contrôle de qualité de l'action publique, mais aussi en réduisant la présence étatique dans l'économie en mettant en oeuvre une série de privatisations.

When Francism ended in 1975, it was deemed necessary to reform the Spanish administration. The effects of the I960 reform had by then slowed down and a change in political regime had to be accompanied by that of public administration. However, the centre-right (UCD) government only concentrated upon implementing political reform, the re-establishment of free elections and of a consensus for democracy. In reality, the 1978 reform of the constitution led to the radical reform entailed by the creation of the Autonomous Communities. Indeed, each of the Communities has its own public administration and thus has broken with the centralizing model that until then had dominated Spain. Since 1982, successive socialist governments introduced certain changes in management of the administration but openly backed off from a more general reform. They thus opted for a policy of modernizing certain functional aspects of the administration in a period of fiscal pressure and control's on the state s budget in an attempt to align themselv es with the rest of Europe. Since 1996, Parti populaire governments have continued to pursue this modernizing policy, notably by introducing controls over the quality of public action, but also by reducing the role of the economy through a series of privatizations.