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Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world's economyin the recent decades. The importance of emissions loadsdistributionbetweencountries participating in the supply chainsis steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separatedgeographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global productionprocesses.Severalrecent scientific studieshave emphasizedthat CO2 emissions embodied in internationaltrade processesshould be addressed.The CO2 emissions up to now aremostly evaluated on the base ofdomestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for theestimationof the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports.The study evaluatescarbon emissions ofthe EU clothing imports and providessuggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show,thatthe EU has not reduced CO2 emissions but instead has outsourcedthem. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country's emission inventory. Our results may helpbusinesses andpolicy makers to establish more efficient strategies towardsthe EU's carbonemissions.

Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world's economy in the recent decades. The importance of emissions loads distribution between countries participating in the supply chains is steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separated geographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global production processes. Several recent scientific studies have emphasized that CO2 emissions embodied in international trade processes should be addressed. The CO2 emissions up to now are mostly evaluated on the base of domestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for the estimation of the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports. The study evaluates carbon emissions of the EU clothing imports and provides suggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show, that the EU has not reduced CO2 emissions t instead has outsourced them. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country's emission inventory. Our results may help businesses and policy makers to establish more efficient strategies towards the EU's carbon emissions.

Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world's economyin the recent decades. The importance of emissions loadsdistributionbetweencountries participating in the supply chainsis steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separatedgeographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global productionprocesses.Severalrecent scientific studieshave emphasizedthat CO2 emissions embodied in internationaltrade processesshould be addressed.The CO2 emissions up to now aremostly evaluated on the base ofdomestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for theestimationof the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports.The study evaluatescarbon emissions ofthe EU clothing imports and providessuggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show,thatthe EU has not reduced CO2 emissions but instead has outsourcedthem. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country's emission inventory. Our results may helpbusinesses andpolicy makers to establish more efficient strategies towardsthe EU's carbonemissions.

Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world's economyin the recent decades. The importance of emissions loadsdistributionbetweencountries participating in the supply chainsis steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separatedgeographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global productionprocesses.Severalrecent scientific studieshave emphasizedthat CO2 emissions embodied in internationaltrade processesshould be addressed.The CO2 emissions up to now aremostly evaluated on the base ofdomestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for theestimationof the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports.The study evaluatescarbon emissions ofthe EU clothing imports and providessuggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show,thatthe EU has not reduced CO2 emissions but instead has outsourcedthem. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country's emission inventory. Our results may helpbusinesses andpolicy makers to establish more efficient strategies towardsthe EU's carbonemissions.

Globalization and international trade has strongly affected world's economyin the recent decades. The importance of emissions loadsdistributionbetweencountries participating in the supply chainsis steadily growing. In the highly fragmented global supply chain structure, with the consumption and production separatedgeographically and politically, it is difficult to capture the distribution of carbon emission burden within the global productionprocesses.Severalrecent scientific studieshave emphasizedthat CO2 emissions embodied in internationaltrade processesshould be addressed.The CO2 emissions up to now aremostly evaluated on the base ofdomestic emission accounts. To address this research gap, our study applies multi-regional input-output (MRIO) method for theestimationof the CO2 emissions embodied in the EU clothing imports.The study evaluatescarbon emissions ofthe EU clothing imports and providessuggestions for companies and policy makers. Our results show,thatthe EU has not reduced CO2 emissions but instead has outsourcedthem. MRIO and triangulation methods were used to evaluate the EU clothing sector embodied carbon emissions in imports from 2000 to 2016. CO2 emission reduction goal can be achieved by implementing the proposed consumption based emission accounting framework additionally to the country's emission inventory. Our results may helpbusinesses andpolicy makers to establish more efficient strategies towardsthe EU's carbonemissions.

Productivity in Europe remains stagnant over a long period of time for several reasons: structural barriers hampering proper development and the diffusion of innovations; and also due to high structural unemployment. This puts a significant brake on growth and competitiveness. A high-potential alternative for improving productivity lies in increasing labour participation and the attraction/retention of talent as a result of European integration. Therefore, this study examines how economic growth is affected by labour productivity and the local and foreign workers' employment rates, as well as their level of achievement. Using the Durbin Spatial Model (DSM), we analyse OECD data from 13 European countries covering the period 2000-2017. Our results confirm, first of all, that there has been a positive convergence among European countries and that it is of considerable benefit for the growth of countries with different levels of development. In terms of labour productivity, it positively influences economic growth, especially for highly skilled local workers. Moreover, it is confirmed that increased participation has a statistically significant impact on each country's growth rate in the studied sample. In terms of educational levels, an increase in the number of workers with a high and medium level of education entails a growth that is also transferred to neighbouring countries. Also, these types of strategies serve to create conditions that allow for attracting and retaining talent in the long term, which also generates positive effects on growth itself, but also for neighbouring countries in the same area of integration.

Since the foundation of the European Economic Community there is an incessant debate about the necessity of an overall tax and fiscal cooperation and harmonization in Europe, which recently has been intensified mainly because of EMU. By reviewing the literature, this article argues that closer cooperation in tax issues, for both indirect and direct taxation, needs to accompany the current state of integration in the EU. Advances have taken place in indirect taxes, value added tax (VAT) and excises. With respect to VAT, the major agreements were achieved with the Sixth VAT Directive (1977) and the agreements on rates after the elimination of the frontier controls (1992). In the case of excise duties, the progress have been less significant and there can be noted only the agreements of minimum rates for alcohol, tobacco and energy (fuels). In direct taxation, it is necessary to point out that the powers are national and the EU is limited to guaranteeing the performance of the single market. Community legislation is centered on company taxation and the taxation of savings income. Taxes and social security contributions strongly influence patterns of saving, consumption, investment and employment, and thus shape the operation of markets for goods, services, capital and labor. The reforms launched by the Cardiff European Council of June 1998 are designed to ensure that the differences between systems that have become even more apparent since the introduction of the euro do not hamper trade, result in fragmentation of the single market or prevent the efficient allocation of resources. Tax fraud is another problem of increasing concern in the Community. European Parliament and Council Decision 888/98/EC instituted a program (Fiscalis) to improve the operation of indirect taxation systems in the single market and to secure wide-ranging and effective cooperation between Member States and with the Commission, and to improve administrative practice. International VAT fraud, particularly on sales and deliveries within the ...

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

This work aims to integrate defragmented migration perspectives in order to better understand and explain reasons of contemporaneous migration. Accordingly, international migration flows are explained with various socio-economic determinants which address different sources of migration, reinforced by the best-known theories and conceptual frameworks. A panel data analysis is performed at the level of rich and poor countries of the European Union to measure migration flows from the year 2000 until 2013. The results provide evidence indicating that there are some structural similarities and discrepancies between European rich and poor countries. These similarities (or discrepancies) make them responding similarly to certain economic conditions and changes. Thus, the association of earnings, inequalities (measured by the Gini Index) and poverty line could be positive or negative depending on wealth level of countries. Moreover, unemployment is a supply-push factor, but its importance is much higher in rich countries, diminishing in poorer countries. Economic freedom has a very strong positive effect on migration for all countries, but its relevance turned out to be the highest in the group of the poorest countries. Also, the association between Foreign Direct Investment and migration is negative, but it is more significant in the case of poorer countries.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I -- Theoretical Background on Migration Culture Formation -- Chapter 2. Migration Culture: The drivers behind the movement of people -- Chapter 3. How migrant cultures emerge: The role of push factors -- Chapter 4. Characteristics of migration cultures: The importance of values -- Chapter 5. Migration culture: A conceptual model.-Chapter 6. Migration in the EU -- Part II -- Unsettled? Lithuanian Migration Patterns -- Chapter 7. Lithuania: A small nation, deep-rooted in migration -- Chapter 8. Lithuania is historically a migration culture -- Chapter 9. A re-emergence of Lithuanian migration culture: Four recent emigration waves in Lithuanian society -- Chapter 10. Lithuanian values and national identity: A catalyst for migration -- Chapter 11. A study of migration culture in Lithuania -- Chapter 12. A kaleidoscope of societal values in Lithuania: Migration perspectives -- Part III -- The Wandering Iberians: Evidence of Migration Cultures -- Chapter 13. Iberian pathways: Portugal and Spain as migration cultures -- Chapter 14. Wavy migration in Portugal -- Chapter 15. From immigration to emigration in Spain -- Chapter 16. Conclusions.