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"This volume investigates how urban growth and prosperity transformed the cities of the Roman Mediterranean in the last centuries BCE and the first centuries CE, integrating debates about Roman urban space with discourse on Roman urban history. The contributions explore how these cities developed landscapes full of civic memory and ritual, saw commercial priorities transforming the urban environment, and began to expand significantly beyond their wall circuits. These inter-related developments not only changed how cities looked and could be experienced, they also affected the functioning of the urban community, and together contributed to keeping increasingly complex urban communities socially cohesive. By focusing on the transformation of urban landscapes in Late Republican and Imperial period, the volume adds a new, explicitly historical angle to current debates about urban space in Roman studies. Confronting archaeological and historical approaches, the volume presents developments in Italy, Africa, Greece and Asia Minor, thus significantly broadening the geographical scope of the discussion, and offering novel theoretical perspectives alongside well-documented, thematic case studies. Urban Space and Urban History in the Roman World will be of interest to anyone working on Roman urbanism, or Roman history in the Late Republic and early Empire"--

This volume takes a detailed look at the craftsmen who dealt with high-quality garments in Roman Italy. Using a qualitative analysis of material remains related to economic activities, with a combined study of epigraphic and literary records, it portrays an insightful view of the socio-economic history of urban communities in the Roman world

Literaturverz. u. Linksammlung S. 110 - 111

This paper presents baseline results from the latest version of EUROMOD (version I1.0+), the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. First, we briefly report the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality and risk of poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for differences between these and EU-SILC based indicators. We further compare EUROMOD distributional indicators across all EU 28 countries and over time between 2015 and 2018. Finally, we provide estimates of marginal effective tax rates (METR) for all 28 EU countries in order to explore the effect of tax and benefit systems on work incentives at the intensive margin. Throughout the paper, we highlight both the potential of EUROMOD as a tool for policy analysis and the caveats that should be borne in mind when using it and interpreting results. This paper updates the work reported in Tammik (2018).

This paper presents baseline results from the latest version of EUROMOD (version H1.0+), the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the EU. First, we briefly report the process of updating EUROMOD. We then present indicators for income inequality and risk of poverty using EUROMOD and discuss the main reasons for differences between these and EU-SILC based indicators. We further compare EUROMOD distributional indicators across all EU 28 countries and over time between 2014 and 2017. Finally, we provide estimates of marginal effective tax rates (METR) for all 28 EU countries in order to explore the effect of tax and benefit systems on work incentives at the intensive margin. Throughout the paper, we highlight both the potential of EUROMOD as a tool for policy analysis and the caveats that should be borne in mind when using it and interpreting results. This paper updates the work reported in Makovec and Tammik (2017).

The purpose of this research are: 1. Want to know the implementation of social services in the Village Marang. 2. Want to know the implementation of social services in rural community development in the village of Marang. 3. Want to know the role of social services in rural community development in the village of Marang.The type of research used is descriptive research, while the data collection was done by using questionnaires, interviews and documentation.In this study the hypothesis that made no use hypotheses that are commonly used in research but the form of questions that need answers from the research.From the data obtained the conclusion is:(1) With the implementation of social services in kelura¬han Marang, all the respondents, 14 people (100%) ever get / obtain better services from the private sector / government agencies and by the local community.As for the form of social services: guidance and counseling related to livelihood / employment, health care, capital / money, material assistance / goods and messages of other development.While social services are rendered is in the village hall (hall Basarah) and the statement of 13 respondents (92.85%) stated on cooperation with local authorities (village chief and his staff).(2) It is known that the implementation of social services in rural community development in Marang village, namely:(A) That the majority of respondents, 13 people (92.86%) understand about social services gained.(B) By obtaining social services 11 (70.57%) are the perceived benefits, the changes are positive (building) for themselves and in the presence of such changes can increase revenue / income, which in turn can improve the welfare of her / family even local communities.(3) Can be known to result from respondents and supported by the results of the documentation, the role of social services in rural community development in Marang village is quite a role, while in outline the role that is shaped:(a) Guidance and counseling related to livelihood.(b) Health services.(c) Capital / money.(d) Assistance material / goods, and (e) other development messages

In Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights addressed the petition of a person detained by U.K. occupation forces in Iraq pursuant to United Nations Security Council authorization. One issue before the court in Al-Jedda—whether the petitioner's rights against the U.K. government under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms might disapply the Security Council authorization—illustrates the problem of norm conflict between intergovernmental regimes. The Al-Jedda court avoided directly pitting the differing norms at issue (Security Council resolutions versus European human rights treaty provisions), but in doing so left open such a conflict for where one such norm explicitly requires violation of the other. When this question arises, the court should not hold that the applicability of European treaty norms disapplies Security Council resolutions or other United Nations acts, because so holding would further fragment the international system and leave states in positions where they will be bound to violate at least some of their international obligations.

In July 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) issued its judgment in Al-Skeini v. United Kingdom. This case prompted the court to reconsider its conflicting lines of case law on the extraterritorial application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). In its decision, the court validated both the "effective control of an area" and "State agent authority" models of analysis, which had until Al-Skeini both been employed by the court at different times to analyze the ECHR's extraterritorial application. Ultimately, however, the court ruled under an augmented version of the "State agent authority" model—adding a requirement that the state using force exercise some amorphous "public powers" over the extraterritorial area for ECHR Article 1 jurisdiction to attach. As a result, this decision, while greatly anticipated, has posed more questions for international lawyers as to the ECHR's extraterritorial application than it has answered.