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Branko Milanovic charts 200 years of the fascinating history of the discourse on inequality through portraits of six key economists, from Quesnay to Kuznets. In their work and lives, we see how differently each conceived of inequality, and how the subject, prominent in their times, was eclipsed during the Cold War and has become central once again.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Rise of the Global Middle Class and Global Plutocrats -- Chapter 2. Inequality within Countries -- Chapter 3. Inequality among Countries -- Chapter 4. Global Inequality in This Century and the Next -- Chapter 5. What Next? -- Notes -- References -- Index

We are used to thinking about inequality within countries--about rich Americans versus poor Americans, for instance. But what about inequality between all citizens of the world? Worlds Apart addresses just how to measure global inequality among individuals, and shows that inequality is shaped by complex forces often working in different directions. Branko Milanovic, a top World Bank economist, analyzes income distribution worldwide using, for the first time, household survey data from more than 100 countries. He evenhandedly explains the main approaches to the problem, offers a more accurate

AbstractUsing a newly expanded set of 41 social tables from premodern societies, this article tries to identify the factors associated with the level of inequality and the inequality extraction ratio (how close to the maximum inequality the elites have pushed actual inequality). Strong evidence is found to show that elites in colonies were more extractive, and that more densely populated and less urbanized countries exhibited lower extraction ratios. Several possibilities are proposed, linking high population density to low inequality and to low elite extraction.

The paper uses the data from François Quesnay's writings to derive a social table for pre-revolutionary France and estimate the level and distribution of income. It formalizes Quesnay's thinking about the process of production and situates it within the modern national accounting framework. Quesnay's estimates are compared with some contemporary and recent estimates of eighteenth-century French incomes and inequality.

"Branko Milanovic' Beitrag problematisiert Thomas Pikettys Schlüsselannahme, dass die Kapitalertragsrate historisch relativ stabil ist, denn darauf basieren die These der Ungleichheitsbeziehung r -größer- g und die daraus folgenden Implikationen. Er verweist darauf, dass diese These der Logik des ökonomischen Prozesses zuwiderlaufen könnte und sich ihre Richtigkeit in der Zukunft erst noch empirisch erweisen muss." (Autorenreferat)

The double whammy of job‐displacing technological advance and wage‐deflating globalization has demoted the American middle class, even as the rich get richer from access to global markets and from their slice of profits from managing massive global financial flows. The specter of growing inequality is haunting free‐market capitalism as never before since the early days of the Industrial Revolution. What is happening? What is to be done? Top economists take a hard look at a hard reality.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century by Thomas Piketty provides a unified theory of the functioning of the capitalist economy by linking theories of economic growth and functional and personal income distributions. It argues, based on the long-run historical data series, that the forces of economic divergence (including rising income inequality) tend to dominate in capitalism. It regards the twentieth century as an exception to this rule and proposes policies that would make capitalism sustainable in the twenty-first century.