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Several models of aggression and aggressive behavior are discussed, ranging from neurological, ethological, experimental social-psychological, and historical analyses. Distinctions are suggested between two different levels of analysis for examining aggressive behavior-individual-level aggression and systemic-level aggression-and between two primary characteristics of aggression (spontaneous/planned). The limitations of using one level of analysis for examining behavior occurring at a different level are suggested. This proposed conceptual scheme incorporates in a two-dimensional framework approaches as varied as E. 0. Wilson's Sociobiology and J. T. Tedeschi's reinterpretation of research on aggression. The shift from motivational models to more cognitive information-processing models in the social-psychological literature is examined.

Field research supporting the conclusion that mass media campaigns are ineffective has generally been difficult to interpret because of methodological limitations. Despite these drawbacks, the argument that individuals will expose themselves only to information consistent with their current attitudes is usually offered as an explanation for the negative results. Data from a public health mass media campaign were used to test this selective exposure hypothesis: the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Project (a field experiment involving mass media dissemination of heart disease reduction information) provided data for analysis for the years 1972, 1973, & 1974. The variables of media campaign exposure, health knowledge, & health attitudes were utilized in this investigation, the results of which indicate support for the effectiveness of the media campaign & little support for the selective exposure hypothesis. 3 Tables, 2 Figures. Modified HA.

"Obwohl genetische/evolutionäre Ansätze in der jüngeren Autoritarismusforschung wieder zunehmend auf Interesse stoßen, zeigen neue empirische Ergebnisse, daß Sozialisationserfahrungen einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Entwicklung von Autoritarismus haben. Umfrageergebnisse und experimentelle Forschungen von Milburn und Conrad belegen, daß die Erfahrungen eines harten und strafenden Erziehungsstils während der Kindheit - insbesondere bei Männern ohne Therapieerfahrungen - im Erwachsenenalter zu Autoritarismus und straforientierten politischen Einstellungen, wie z. B. der Befürwortung der Todesstrafe, führen. In ihren Studien können sie zudem zeigen, daß Autoritäre ein höheres Maß an Zorn und Verleugnung aufweisen. Negative emotionale Reaktionen auf Bestrafungen in der Kindheit werden verschoben und äußern sich in Form rigider politischer Einstellungen und einer autoritären Persönlichkeitsstruktur." (Autorenreferat).

"Obwohl genetische/evolutionäre Ansätze in der jüngeren Autoritarismusforschung wieder zunehmend auf Interesse stoßen, zeigen neue empirische Ergebnisse, daß Sozialisationserfahrungen einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Entwicklung von Autoritarismus haben. Umfrageergebnisse und experimentelle Forschungen von Milburn und Conrad belegen, daß die Erfahrungen eines harten und strafenden Erziehungsstils während der Kindheit - insbesondere bei Männern ohne Therapieerfahrungen - im Erwachsenenalter zu Autoritarismus und straforientierten politischen Einstellungen, wie z.B. der Befürwortung der Todesstrafe, führen. In ihren Studien können sie zudem zeigen, daß Autoritäre ein höheres Maß an Zorn und Verleugnung aufweisen. Negative emotionale Reaktionen auf Bestrafungen in der Kindheit werden verschoben und äußern sich in Form rigider politischer Einstellungen und einer autoritären Persönlichkeitsstruktur." (Autorenreferat)

Past research has supported the hypothesis that the relationship between harsh childhood punishment and adult political attitudes is due to the displacement of negative emotions that arise onto punitive public policies, e.g., support for the death penalty (Milburn, Conrad, Sala, & Carberry, 1995). Cognitions associated with childhood punishment may also impact adult political attitudes, yet their effects have not yet been examined, despite research that shows that punitive childhood experiences increase the tendency to attribute hostility to others. Thus, we investigated whether the tendency to make hostile attributions about others' behavior influences a person's authoritarianism, controlling for their parents' political orientation. Respondents completed an online survey concerning their childhood punishment experiences, their parents' political orientation, their trait anger, their level of hostile attribution bias (HAB), and their authoritarianism. Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) found that higher childhood punishment has a significant direct effect on higher levels of authoritarianism, even after controlling for parents' political orientation, and that trait anger and HAB appear to mediate the effects of childhood punishment experiences on authoritarianism,. These results support the process of affect displacement as an important influence on adult punitiveness and political orientation. Adapted from the source document.