Celem artykułu jest analiza zasadniczych problemów z określeniem istoty oraz samego pojęcia Mission Command w warunkach polskich. Problemy te pojawiają się już na poziomie tłumaczenia słów, którymi określa się tę koncepcję, a także wynikające z tego nieporozumienia i chaos znaczeniowy. Określenie Mission Command jest stosowane do koncepcji dowodzenia w wojsku, ale jednocześnie wynika ze zmian w systemie podejmowania decyzji także w środowiskach cywilnych, na poziomie politycznym i innych. Koncepcja ta jest wprowadzana od co najmniej 20 lat na gruncie polskim, ale do 2018 roku nie miało to ram formalnych pozostając jedynie w wersji obiegowej i deklaratywnej. Przez ten czas albo nie przebiło się do świadomości na wielu szczeblach dowodzenia, albo narosło nieporozumieniami i wieloznacznościami. Wynika to jednak nie tylko ze specyfiki samego wojska, ale jest kwestią.
Middle Eastern dimension of US national security doctrine after 09/11. Doctrines of George W. Bush and Barack Obama The paper aims at analyzing of the foreign policy through the so called presidential doctrines after 11th September of 2001. Tremendous change in the viewing of the international security threats, influenced resolutely the political ideologies in the United States. Changed view of multiple issues important for the internal security leads to the conclusion, that new kind of international security policy came into being after those terroristic attacks. Such classification allows to send clear message to the recipients of those doctrines, that the stabilization and security are the basis for a new creation of international relations.
Lucifer Effect Syndrome in the Intercultural Politics – Conclusions for Europe
Lucifer Effect is a process which progress gradually, slowly usually in mostly imperceptible way. That makes it especially dangerous because the society has just a little ability to identify its symptoms and phases. That is why, even if academics verify their concepts empirically it is always a crucial problem to warn the society of destructive conflict approaching. The paradox of conflict is that it is the fundamental for democracy (different opinions, minority rights etc.) and at the same time can be disastrous for this system and people living in. That paradox makes the "events horizon" very hard to determine and be aware of it. When society pass it, it can be too late to reconstruct the stability and security in short term, and even worst disasters happen. The aim of this text is to present the Lucifer Effect as the example realizing to the society the threats arising from the negative intercultural conflicts.
Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication ; W artykule poddano analizie reakcję tzw. Zachodu na kryzys polityczny na Ukrainie, który rozpoczął się pod koniec 2013 roku. W tym kontekście kwestią zasadniczą jest przeanalizowanie zachodniej reakcji na rosyjskie zaangażowanie w wewnętrzne sprawy Ukrainy, a co za tym idzie także przyczyny działań Rosji. Celem Zachodu jest zmuszenie Rosji do odcięcia wsparcia dla separatystów działających na wschodniej Ukrainie. Innym celem Zachodu jest ustabilizowanie sytuacji na Ukrainie, tak szybko jak to jest możliwe, aby uniemożliwić Rosji dalsze oddziaływanie mające na celu rozbicie Ukrainy. Można to jednak osiągnąć jedynie dzięki nieoficjalnym kanałom dyplomatycznym zwanym Track two diplomacy. ; The article analyses the approach of the so-called West to the Ukrainian political crisis which started at the end of 2013. In this context it is fundamentally important to analyse the Western response to the Russian interference in Ukraine's domestic affairs and also the reasons for Russian actions. The aim of the West is to force Russia to cut off its support for separatists operating in eastern Ukraine. Another Western aim is to stabilise the situation in Ukraine at the earliest possible time in order to prevent Russia from making further attempts to interfere in this country with a view to its disintegration. It can be achieved by unofficial diplomatic channels called Track two diplomacy. ; В статье дан анализ реакции так называемого Запада на политический кризис в Украине, который начался в конце 2013 года. В этом контексте основной задачей является проанализировать реакцию Запада на участие России во внутренних делах Украины, и, следовательно, дать ответ на вопрос причин этих действий. Цель Запада состоит в том, чтобы заставить Россию отказаться от поддержки сепаратистов, действующих в восточной Украине. Следующая цель Запада состоит в стабилизации ситуации в Украине, так быстро, как это только представляется возможным, чтобы предотвратить дальнейшие шаги России направленные на расчленение Украины. Эти цели можно достигнуть только благодаря неофициальным дипломатическим каналам, называемым Track two diplomacy.
The international security system can be projected and engineered in few circumstances. In general there can be internal will and capacity to build that or external actors can organize it in their favor. Situation in the Middle East is very complicated, what makes such system very unlikely to happen. The tragedy of 09/11, gave another reason to work on such system. The main issue of US Middle-Eastern policy was to deal with threats far from US territory to not let such situation happened again. The best option for that would be the building of the international system, which would stabilize the region and give the US authorities some level of control over it. If the war in Afghanistan was aimed to deter the greatest threat of main cells and centers of Al-Qaeda, then Iraqi war starting on 2003 was to build such system.
Egypt's role in the international security system during the Muslim Brotherhood in power Article presents the analysis of the Egyptian internal and international affairs after the presidential elections of 2012. Special focus was put on the internal changes effects on the international situation in the area of security and stabilization in the region. Social revolt which lead to the revolution in the January of 2011. Started by the young people, using internet for gathering for the demonstrations in order to try to keep control over the new rulers, was the first (beside the Tunesia) such movement in the Middle East, changing the politics of the regional powers as well as the key global powers in this region also. Very important for the new situation of Egypt in international affairs is the role of its Armed Forces and Secret Services. Both have great influences in every sphere of Egyptian life and possibility to change this country's future. Changing of the internal situation in Egypt reflects on the many international factors such as in first row Arab‑ Israeli conflict (and within it also Palestinian-Israeli conflict) and through this it impacts the peace in the region of Middle East and North Africa. Egypt during the rule of Muslim Brotherhood seemed to build an alliance with Turkey and Qatar which would make their stance much stronger in case of cooperation with USA or UE. If those countries will not fall into the extremism it is a occasion to build new kind of international relations in the region and much stronger system of international security.
A relation between USA and Egypt are especially important in the scope of the security and stabilization process in Middle East and reflects on the whole world. According to the deep changes in many countries of Middle East and North Africa, started by the Arab Spring at the beginning of 2011, US policy had to transform, and have to be adjusted to the new circumstances and Egypt is particular important for the USA interests in the area. To achieve this, a deep analysis of the situation in Egypt is needed and also clear picture of the real stance of the main powers in this country. The situation when USA bases only on the support of the despotic rulers or just the leading parties is not acceptable for the future relations between USA and Egypt. If Americans wants to keep it's influence on the Middle East, the new policy of dialogue, partner relations and respecting peoples will is have to be introduced.
The article discusses the credibility of WHO, one of the most important global organisations responsible for distributing information, issuing guidelines and recommendations in the case of imminent threat of epidemics, pandemics of bioterrorist attack. In view of the uniqe character of bioterrorist threat, it is particularly important that such an organisation be beyond any suspicion. Unfortunately, the H1N1 case of 2009 – 2010 caused a tremedous credibility deficit, both among the people and in governments. European Commission conducted an investigation concerning the justifiability of purchasing drugs that were to halt the pandemics. Yet the most important discovery was that many advisors to government members at the time had connections with pharmaceutical companies, which had a direct influence on state decisions to make bulk purchases of medicines. On multiple occasions, WHO recommended buying vaccines and administering them to entire populations. In view of all these circumstances, WHO's credibility has much decreased after the H1N1 crisis. In this situation, the stance of the government ofPoland, which firmly opposed the pressure to buy the vaccines deserves a detailed analysis. It seems that the decision was dictated not only by financial considerations but most of all resulted from a rational assessment of the situation. At the same time, WHO should change the procedure it employs in such situation, becoming a body which does not only advise but also takes responsibility for the recommended solutions.
Porównanie sytuacji w Iraku i Egipcie stanowi doskonały przykład sytuacji, w których z jednej strony siły międzynarodowe podjęły interwencję zbrojną, a w drugim przypadku następują procesy, które można uznać za w pewnym stopniu naturalnie ewolucyjne dla tego państwa. Jest kwestią zasadniczą, aby uwzględniać czynniki takie jak historia, religia, kultura danego państwa, zanim nawiąże się kontakt z jego przedstawicielami w jakiejkolwiek dziedzinie. Jednakże taki zasób informacji jest niemożliwy do osiągnięcia bez prawdziwej współpracy zarówno pomiędzy przedstawicielami świata nauki, jak i polityki. Niewystarczające, a nawet zwodnicze wydaje się jedynie poleganie przez przywódców państw na doradcach, nawet będących wybitnymi uczonymi, ale zajmujących stanowiska polityczne. Utworzenie Partnerstwa Eurośródziemnomorskiego może stanowić wielką szansę dla regionu Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu, w razie gdy państwa uczestniczące w tej współpracy potraktują ją z należytym zaangażowaniem, uświadamiając sobie, jak istotne może to być dla legitymizacji takiej współpracy, ale i korzyści, jakie taka współpraca przynosi. ; Iraq and Egypt are good examples of the situations where in one case international forces took the military action, and in the second case where the situation is evolving naturally. It is fundamental to be aware of the factors like the history, religion, and culture of the country before any kind of contact with it. Such knowledge is impossible without real cooperation between scientists and governments. It is not enough, and even delusive, to use only one voice of advisors especially transferred from science to politics. A special chance for the region of North Africa and Middle East would be the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership if all the countries involved in it realized how legitimate and profitable such an cooperation could be. ; Сравнение положения дел в Ираке и Египте является отличным примером ситуации, в которой, с одной стороны, международное сообщество приняло решение о военном вмешательстве, а во втором случае, происходят процессы, которые, в некоторое степени, можно признать естественным, эволюционным развитием государства. Предпринимая попытки установления отношений с представителями этих стран в любой сфере, необходимо учитывать такие ключевые факторы, как история, религия, культура данного государства. Следует также учесть, что приобретение такой информации невозможно без установления партнёрского сотрудничества между представителями разных стран в области науки и политики. Необходимо принять во внимание, что лидеры государств не могут полагаться только на советников и экспертов, которые являются выдающимися учёными и одновременно занимают значительные политические посты. Учреждение «Евро-средиземноморского партнёрства» может стать шансом для развития региона Северной Африки и Ближнего Востока, в случае когда государства участвующие в этом сотрудничестве отнесутся к нему с надлежащим вниманием, осознавая его значение и пользу.
Abstract In the article the definition of IED has been presented as well as its classification and countering methods. The concept of AEGIS device for neutralization of RCIED has been presented. The usage possibility of AEGIS device in civilian environments has been analysed.
Fear is one of the strongest motivators. It induces and seals the borderlines between nations, society groups, races, religions, but also family members, students, kids in the neighborhood. We can differ in many things, even strongly conflicting yet with no violence, but when fear appears, especially enforced by lack of responsibility conviction, conflicts turn, step by step into spiral we call "Lucifer Effect". Politicians who pursue more control in all spheres of life, claim they need this control to protect "us" from "them". Such extraordinary controlling measures must be taken because all who disagree with "us" are the enemy – "them", who threat our safety. Such leaders "play" the role of symbolic John Wayne, inducting fear, which make people insecure and looking for strong – uncompromising leader, who will defend "us" from "them".
