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The Social Science of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action for Researchers draws on theories derived from the social sciences to address the multitude of questions raised by the COVID-19 pandemic and to inspire a future generation of researchers. The book is designed to help promote recovery from the pandemic, to minimize the negative effects of similar events in the future, and to inform social science research going forward.

"The unique conspiracy group called QAnon is growing in both membership and political power, and understanding this phenomenon is key to combating QAnon's negative effects on society. This book uses social science theory to explain the attraction and spread of the defining conspiracy movement of our times"--

Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Interrogation and the Minority Suspect: Pathways to True and False Confession -- Basic Processes Affecting Minorities in Interrogation -- Cultural Stereotypes Associating Minorities with Crime -- Minority Awareness of Race-Based Criminality Stereotypes: Metastereotypes and the Impact of Stereotype Threat -- Communication and English as a Second Language -- Race, Culture of Origin, and Immigration Status: Power Dynamics and Perceptions of Legal Rights, Law Enforcement, and the Justice System

Monica K. Miller.

PurposeAffirmative consent (AC) policies require potential sexual partners to clearly and positively confirm that they want to engage in sexual behavior – in contrast to standard "no means no" policies, which typically define consent through resistance. AC policies might not be effective because they do not align well with typical scripts of how consent is given in practice. This study aims to compare participants' judgments as to what constitutes sexual assault, using either an AC policy or a standard "no means no" policy.Design/methodology/approachParticipants read 16 scenarios depicting various male-female sexual encounters and applied either an AC or a standard "no means no" policy to determine whether the encounter was consensual.FindingsWhen an AC policy was used, participants were more likely to judge the scenario as sexual assault. Aspects of the scenario (which reflect AC policy criteria), such as the type of communication (verbal or nonverbal), clarity of communication (clear or unclear) and resistance (high or low) also affected judgments of the scenario. Relationship type (stranger vs acquaintance) did not affect judgments. Students were more likely to perceive the scenarios as sexual assault than community members; they also perceived differences between scenarios based on verbal communication and clarity more than community members. Finally, there was no main effect of participant gender, however, men perceived differences between scenarios based on verbal communication type, whereas women did not.Research limitations/implicationsFindings indicate that participants are generally able to apply AC policies correctly, even though AC criteria do not generally align with common sexual scripts.Originality/valueThis is the first study known to test whether decision-makers can properly apply criteria outlined in AC policies and whether the application of these policies affect decisions-makers judgments as to whether a sexual encounter is consensual or assault.

Courts have issued conflicting rulings regarding the rights (e.g., custody, visitation) and responsibilities (e.g., child support) of non‐biological gay parents. This analysis establishes a typology of five factors that most commonly influence judges' decisions. These factors include: interpretation of parenting statutes, legislative intent, parental intent, legal documents establishing parenthood, and the child's best interests. Despite these common themes, there is still much discrepancy among court rulings. Based on this analysis, there are steps parents can take to protect their legal rights and living arrangements. Finally, policy suggestions are offered for courts and lawmakers. These legal actors can take steps (e.g., clarifying statutes) that would provide certainty for families in case of parental separation or the biological parent's death.

Video game regulation is intended to lessen the potentially negative effects of games by limiting children's access to age‐inappropriate games. Self‐regulations, such as the current rating system, could also encourage manufacturers to reduce sexual and violent content in an attempt to avoid ratings that would limit their potential buyers. The purpose of this article was to determine if the implementation of the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) was associated with changes in game content. A content analysis of video game magazine articles released before and after the establishment of the ESRB ratings determined that violent content and some sexual content increased nonsignificantly until 2004, when these elements became significantly more extreme. Other sexual content increased in early years but was stable after the adoption of the ratings system. Because manufacturers did not dramatically alter game content after the 1994 rating system came into effect, they may also be unlikely to change the content if the ratings system is modified in the future.Suele esperarse que, al restringir el acceso de los niños a juegos inapropiados, la regulación de videojuegos disminuya sus efectos potencialmente negativos. Autorregulaciones tales como el sistema de clasificación actual podrían también animar a los fabricantes a reducir el contenido sexual y violento con el objetivo de evitar las clasificaciones que podrían limitar sus compradores potenciales. El propósito de este artículo es el de determinar si la puesta en marcha del Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) estuvo asociada con cambios en el contenido de los juegos. Un análisis de contenido de artículos de revistas de videojuegos publicados antes y después del establecimiento de la clasificación del ESRB determinó que el contenido violento y un tipo de contenido sexual, no se incrementó significativamente desde 2004, cuando estos elementos comenzaban a volverse significativamente más extremos. El contenido sexual se incrementó en los años iniciales pero se estabilizó después de la adopción del sistema de clasificación. Dado que los fabricantes no cambiaron dramáticamente el contenido de los juegos después de que el sistema de clasificación de 1994 entrara en vigor, es muy improbable que cambien el contenido si el sistema de clasificación es modificado en el futuro.

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden konkrete Vorschläge zur Nutzung von Telefoninterviews als Datenerhebungsstrategie gemacht. Unsere Überlegungen sind an all jene adressiert, die telefonische Interviews durchführen (wollen), wobei sie vor allem für diejenigen Forscher(innen) hilfreich sein dürften, die über keine oder nur geringe Erfahrungen mit dieser Erhebungsmethode verfügen. Es werden zahlreiche praktische Empfehlungen gegeben, die üblicherweise in der traditionellen Forschungsliteratur nicht erwähnt werden.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Person-Matching: Real-Time Identifications of Persons from Photos and Videos -- Psychological Theories of Person-Matching from Photos and Videos -- Person-Matching from Photos (PMP) -- Image Quality -- Base-Rate of PMP Mismatches -- Familiarity -- Recency of Photo -- Time Pressure -- Training in PMP -- Expertise in PMP -- Person-Matching from Videos (PMV) -- Future Research Directions and Practical Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Incentivized to Testify: Informant Witnesses -- Introduction -- Brief History -- Infamous Informants -- The Law -- Psychological Research -- Characteristics of the Prototypical Jailhouse Informant and Testimony -- Motivation to Testify -- Persuasiveness of Jailhouse Informants -- Theoretical Explanations -- Proposed Safeguards -- Topics Requiring Further Study -- Conclusion -- References -- The Accuracy of Adults' Long-Term Memory for Child Sexual Abuse -- Children's Hesitancy to Disclose Child Sexual Abuse and the Statute of Limitations -- The Legal System's Reaction to Long-Term Memory for Events -- Research on Adults' Long-Term Memory for Autobiographical Events -- Adults' Long-Term Memory of Emotional or Traumatizing Autobiographical Events -- Children's Long-Term Memory for Emotional or Traumatizing Autobiographical Events -- Adults' Memory for Childhood Maltreatment -- How Adults Describe Childhood Sexual Abuse: The Language Used -- Variability and Nonspecific Language -- Adult Terms and Understanding -- Does Adult Language Mean the Memory Is False? -- Attachment and Memory -- Psychopathology, Trauma, and Memory -- False Memory for Child Sexual Abuse -- Conclusion, Future Directions, and Proposed Legal Reforms -- References -- Interpreted Police Interviews: A Review of Contemporary Research -- Overview of the Chapter.

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- From the Headlines to the Jury Room: An Examination of the Impact of Pretrial Publicity on Jurors and Juries -- The Courts and Pretrial Publicity -- Important Court Decisions Involving Pretrial Publicity -- American Bar Association and Pretrial Information -- Amount and Types of Pretrial Publicity in High-profile Cases -- How the Amount of Publicity Affects Juror Bias -- The Changing Media Landscape -- Types of Slants of PTP -- Negativity Bias -- Research Methodologies Used to Explore Pretrial Publicity's Biasing Effects -- Survey Research -- Jury Simulation Research -- Meta-Analysis -- Mechanisms Responsible for PTP's Influence on Jurors' Decisions -- Evidence Interpretation -- Impression Formation -- Emotional Responses -- Source Memory -- Effectiveness of Court Remedies in Reducing or Ameliorating PTP Bias -- Continuance -- Voir Dire -- Jury Deliberations -- Judicial Instructions -- Change of Venue -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Victim Impact Statements in Capital Sentencing: 25 Years Post-Payne -- Victim Impact Statements: Definition and Admissibility -- Debate Surrounding VIS and Capital Sentencing -- The Constitutionality of Victim Impact Statements: Booth, Gathers, and Payne -- Empirical Research on Victim Impact Statements and Juror Judgments -- Emotions and VIS: Are VIS Inflammatory? -- Social Cognition Research on Emotions and Decisions -- VIS, Emotions, and Juror Judgments -- Relevance of VIS to Blameworthiness: Victim and Defendant Characteristics -- Victim Impact Statements and Jurors: How Trial and Juror Characteristics Moderate Effects -- Trial Characteristics -- Procedural Factors -- Juror Characteristics -- VIS and Capital Sentencing: Implications and Future Directions -- Diversity in Methods and Models -- Procedural Discrepancies Regarding VIS.