Suchergebnisse

The Endangered Species Act -- Alternative energy/biofuels -- Corporate average fuel economy regulations (CAFE standards) -- The cap-and-trade protocol -- The Food and Energy Security Act of 2007 (The Farm Bill of 2007) -- Healthy Forests Restoration Act and federal wildlife policy

This text gives students an insider's view of how policies are forged. By examining these issues through a stakeholder lens, the book not only accounts for what policies have been adopted but also illuminates the power struggle of how these policies are made.

The Miller Field Notes are a digitized searchable collection of original East African field notes collected in three districts of Tanzania in the years 1964-1966. The districts Tabora, Rungwe, and Kisarawe represent three ecological zones (arid savannah, highlands, and coastal). The original 1800 typed cards have been scanned into a searchable database. Topics include local government and politics, village economics, wildlife management, historic and colonial reports, transition after independence, and conflicts such as witchcraft violence. The changing structures of provincial government in the early years of Tanzanian independence under President Nyerere are detailed here.

In the hot, dry, strangely beautiful land of Somalia, the first issue of the day is politics: politics of survival for the Barre regime, politics of food for the burgeoning refugee camps, politics of the East-West encounter here on the Horn of Africa. The other issue is the economy, particularly the invisible, irregular, illegal economy. Somalia's story is roughly comparable to the current "second economy" analysis of the Soviet Union which suggests a large sector of that system is extralegal, undercover, and in subversion of bureaucratic regulation-"the taxi driver can arrange it" system.

For many parts of Africa and Asia a rural society is often a pedestrian society. There are limited means of transport; the peasant is largely immobilized and his movement to the outside is a major undertaking. He lives in an economic and political microcosm Typically his world may be ten miles long and twelve miles wide, bounded by where a road comes through a swamp and ending where it drifts over hills. It is a world that is effectively cut off from the outside; in his own view the pedestrian lives on an island, surrounded by a vast sea of the uninhabited and the unknown.

Because the codes, rules and ideology of mass. single-party systems reach the village areas more slowly than do the tangible personalizations of party authority, a situation of potential misuse of power exists where rural party organizations operate. Peasants are aware of face-to face confrontations by a familiar figure who has gained a party position; they are unaware of the precepts and regulations that the national party has laid down for the village level functionaries. Consequently, political victimization is most pronounced at the very grass-root level that national leaders are attempting to integrate politically. Moreover, by its nature the rural party is a multi-faceted organization that is acceptable to the peasants because its leaders provide services that in more structured societies are carried out by specific agencies and contracts. Functions such as family arbitration, police investigation and criminal adjudication are mixed with the more classical party activities of representation and the dispensing of patronage. Taken together, the above two characteristics of a rural party-potential abuse, and the multifaceted nature significantly influence the extent and form of political participation in the areas they serve. This article attempts to analyze these characteristics in Tanzania, and thereafter to assess rural party participation, and more broadly to suggest the theoretical dimensions of political participation in a new nation.

The Republic of Kenya, located astride the equator on the Indian Ocean, enjoys the distinction of being the first tropical African nation to initiate a serious government program in population analysis and family planning. Ghana, Botswana, and the Reunion Islands off the African coast recently followed suit and have positive programs underway. By contrast, most other African states remain apathetic toward their own population problems, and a few are vigorously pronatal. Perhaps the most extreme example is Kenya's island neighbor, Zanzibar, which reportedly has introduced the death penalty for illegal abortions, and banned the sale of all contraceptives.

The July assassination of Tom Mboya was called in Europe the prelude to another African tragedy similar to Biafra. Western-style gangsterism seemed all too apparent, particularly just after the young Luo politician was shot down on a busy Nairobi street. Violence erupted at the hospital where Mboya's body was taken, and subsequently in other parts of the country. Four days later, when Kenya's President Mzee (Old Man) Jomo Kenyatta, a Kikuyu, arrived to attend the requiem mass, angry crowds of Luo tribesmen stoned the president's car and shouted "Dume" (bull), the symbol of Kenya's Luo-dominated opposition party, the Kenya People's Union (K.P.U.). In the subsequent mêlée with police, two died, sixty were injured, and three hundred arrested.

VIEWED from the higher echelons of government in the new nations, the rural leader is an insignificant individual who goes about managing his local affairs and carrying out with varying degrees of success-the policies and hopes of the government. Viewed from below, from the inner recesses of the village, the leader is a man of authority; a man who has used wealth, heredity, or personal magnetism to gain a position of influence. As seen by nation builders and development experts, the rural leader is tacitly pointed to as the key to success. It is he who can mobilize the people. It is through him that more energy will be expended, more muscles used, and more attitudes changed. Conversely, it is the leader's lack of initiative that will entrench the status quo and doom the modernization schemes before they begin.

A research bulletin entitled Rural Africana is now being produced by the African Studies Center at Michigan State University. It is designed to serve as an informal means of exchanging information concerning politics, anthropology, and development economics in the rural areas of independent Africa south of the Sahara. The origin of the bulletin dates from the 1966 meeting of the (U.S.A.) African Studies Association. A small group of political scientists who had for some years emphasised local-level research in Africa met with several anthropologists who had been oriented to the earlier works by Professors Evans-Pritchard, Schapera, and Gluckman. In discussion, it was evident that the individuals in this group, although in different disciplines, overlapped in their area of interest, their theoretical orientations, and levels of analysis. It was suggested that an informal bulletin might serve to crossfertilise ideas in these and related fields, and that the emphasis should be on the rural areas—a sector of or contemporary importance which had been largely neglected save for anthropological research.

'In this impressive work, Norman Miller tackles a central--perhaps the central--puzzle in international finance: why it is that changes in exchange rates do not equalize returns across borders. In this comprehensive treatment, Miller surveys and synthesizes the recent empirical literature to develop a new interpretation of exchange rate behavior, incorporating a central role for the carry trade. All serious researchers in the field need to read this important book.' (Menzie Chinn, University of Wisconsin, US). -- 'This excellent book develops carefully all of the research on uncovered interest parity, the puzzles that arise from its poor empirical performance, and other puzzling features of exchange rate behaviour of the last 30-40 years. It also develops several fresh ideas on how to model exchange rates with a simple intertemporal model, which I find very appealing. The book will appeal to academics and graduate students working in international macroeconomics and finance, market participants, policy makers and their staff.' (Lucio Sarno, City University London). -- The Uncovered Interest Parity (UIP) puzzle has remained a moot point since it first circulated economic discourse in 1984. Despite a number of attempts at a solution, the UIP puzzle and other anomalies in exchange rate economics continue to perplex economic thought in international finance. This fundamental book fills gaps in the scholarly literature, suggesting new explanations for the many exchange rate anomalies. -- Exchange Rate Economics amalgamates key discourse, generating synthesis models that appear consistent with the UIP puzzle and related anomalies, uniquely bringing them together in one place. A thorough, current review of the literature is presented to provide an extensive analysis of exchange rate aberrations, which contributes numerous new explanations for these puzzling facts. Norman C. Miller probes into the perplexities of international finance and offers an alternative approach toward the UIP puzzle, invigorating and guiding future research. -- This timely book will be a useful tool for undergraduate and postgraduate students looking to acquire state of the art knowledge into exchange rate economics and international finance. Scholars and practitioners with an interest in the UIP puzzle and similar anomalies will find this book thought provoking and informative for further inquiry