Suchergebnisse

Moving past animal experiments to understand human neurological disease
Richard J. Miller, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, says that the belief monkeys and other animals are essential for performing translationally useful research for human neurological disease is outdated and incompatible with 21st-century science. Using animals to model human neurological disease is severely limited. This is particularly true when it comes to diseases of the nervous system. Numerous fundamental differences exist between the brains of monkeys and humans. (1,2) These include the relative proportions of neuronal types, their laminar distribution, gene expression profiles, and morphology. These disparities are critical when trying to answer questions about the causes of diseases that are exclusively human.

Experiential learning alone does not guarantee that students will accurately conceptualize content, or meet course outcomes in subsequent active experimentation stages. In an effort to more effectively meet learning objectives, the experiential learning cycle was modified with a unique combination of the 5 Whys root cause problem-solving tool and a collective reflection step. Applying these modifications through multiple iterations of in-class exercises, students in lean operations and leadership courses were able to move beyond treating symptoms of problems and generate more viable alternative actions for future applications of their learning. Improved grades, greater achievement of learning objectives, and positive student reactions provide evidence of the modified experiential learning cycle's success. A generalized framework for using the modified learning cycle in other management courses is also presented.

PurposeThis study aims to examine how contractual mechanisms, trust and ethical levels impact opportunism in marketing channel relationships between manufacturers and distributors. Because the type of interactions, short-term or transaction-based vs long-term or relation-based, may also affect the level of opportunism, the study includes two scenarios to assess the impact of interaction type.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from 145 distributors were collected with 69 being transaction-based and 75 being relation-based interactions.FindingsThe sole use for transaction-based and relation-based interactions is not a significant deterrent for opportunistic behavior by a distributor. Ethical level is negatively related to opportunism in transaction-based interactions, perhaps because of calculative commitment. Trust positively moderates the relationship between contractual enforcement and opportunism in transaction-based interactions. Under relation-based interactions, the opposite occurs as trust reduces contractual enforcement efforts, and thus, opportunism is reduced as well. Ethical level negatively moderates the relationship between contractual enforcement and opportunism in transactional and relational based interactions.Originality/valueResearchers have called for a more holistic approach to better understand phenomena. This study addressed that call by being the first to include contracts, trust, ethical level and opportunism within the context of the transaction and relation-based interactions between a manufacturer and a distributor. Contractual enforcement is not a significant deterrent of opportunism for transactional or relational interactions. Trust is negatively related to opportunism only in transaction-based interactions; perhaps, the threshold for acting opportunistically may be lower because of the short-term nature of the interaction. The ethical level is negatively related to opportunism in transaction and relational interactions.