Suchergebnisse

Business corporations are experiencing deep organizational changes; unions much less so. Unions' current intensive organizing efforts are crucial, but they will be inadequate if they do not also transform their functions and operations. New jobs, new kinds of workers, new situations require an organizational revolution among unions.

STUDENTS OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS OFTEN USE THE UNITED STATES TO ILLUSTRATE THE BENEFITS OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS. THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY REPRESENTS ON ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THIS SEPARATION. WHILE ONE CAN ARGUE, ON TECHNICAL GROUNDS, THAT INDEPENDENT SETS OF POLICYMAKERS DETERMINE FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY, ACTUAL PRACTICE SUGGESTS A CLOSER LINKAGE THAN IS IMPLIED BY THE WRITTEN DOCUMENTATION ON THE INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES. FIRST, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES A NECESSARY LONG-RUN LINKAGE BETWEEN MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY BECAUSE OF THE GOVERNMENT BUDGET CONSTRAINT. NEW GOVERNMENT DEBT ENTERS THE ECONOMY THROUGH THE BUDGET DEFICIT, WITHOUT WHICH THE STOCK OF GOVERNMENT DEBT CANNOT GROW OVER TIME. THUS, IF ONE DESIRES SOME CONSTANT LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUTSTANDING GOVERNMENT DEBT AND GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, THE GOVERNMENT DEFICIT MUST ALSO BE SOME CONSTANT FRACTION OF GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT. SECONDLY, THE PRESIDENT SUBMITS A BUDGET TO CONGRESS, THE OPENING MOVE IN THE ANNUAL STRUGGLE OVER SPENDING AND TAXING PLANS. MOREOVER, THE PRESIDENT'S POWER TO APPOINT THE CHAIR OF AND FILL VACANCIES ON THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD OF GOVERNORS GIVES THE PRESIDENT CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE OVER THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY.

A comparative study of variations in occup'al stratification & mobility of 4 countries. Data from the UK, Japan, the Netherlands & the US are presented in 8 tables. A dichotomy is noted between manual & non-manual & between inflow & outflow mobility. The basic data for the 4 countries are: the UK (manual mobility: inflow 24.83%; outflow 24.73%; nonmanual mobility: inflow 42.015; outflow 42.14%); Japan (12.43%, 23.70%, 48.00%, 29.66%); the Netherlands (18.73%, 19.77%, 44.84%0, 43.20%); & US (18.06%, 30.38%, 32.49%, 19.55%). It is concluded that the US has the highest rate of upward movement, ie manual to nonmanual; it also has the lowest rate of downward movement from the nonmanual stratum. The UK has the most downward movement & is 2nd in terms of upward mobility. But, contrary to popular opinion, the UK & the Netherlands are less congealed in some aspects of their soc structure than the US & Japan. I. Langnas.

<i>Objectives:</i> This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the readability and document complexity of currently available family history tools for the general public. <i>Methods:</i> Three steps were undertaken to identify family history tools for evaluation: (a) Internet searches, (b) expert consultation, and (c) literature searches. Tools identified were assessed for readability using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) readability formula. The complexity of documents (i.e., forms collecting family history information) was assessed using the PMOSE/IKIRSCH document readability formula. <i>Results:</i> A total of 78 tools were identified, 47 of which met the criteria for inclusion. SMOG reading grade levels for multimedia-based tools ranged from 10.1 to 18.3, with an average score of 13.6. For print-based tools, SMOG ranged from 8.7 to 14.1, with an average score of 12.0. Document complexity ranged from very low complexity (level 1 proficiency) to high complexity (level 4 proficiency). <i>Conclusion:</i> The majority of tools are written at a reading grade level that is beyond the 8th grade average reading level in the United States. The lack of family history tools that are easy to read or use may compromise their potential effectiveness in identifying individuals at increased risk for chronic diseases in the general population.

Groping concern with poverty has ushered in the much more controversial issue of inequalities within the af fluent society. In America, relative deprivation is a more im portant aspect of "poverty" than poor physical conditions. Income alone is an inadequate indicator of level of living. This paper proposes six dimensions for the measurement of well- being : income, assets, basic services, social mobility and edu cation, political position, and status and satisfaction. Ques tions of "who does and should get what" within each of these dimensions are issues arousing acrimonious debate. Social indicators are suggested which would create greater awareness of the extent of inequalities and make discussions of inequali ties more useful. These indicators will not tell us what choices to make in inequality-reduction, but they can pre vent us from complacently ignoring the fact that choices are being made.

Growing concern with poverty has ushered in the much more controversial issue of inequalities within the affluent society. In the US, relative deprivation is a more important aspect of poverty than poor physical conditions. Income alone is an inadequate indicator of level of living. 6 dimensions are proposed for the measurement of well-being: income, assets, basic services, SM & educ, pol'al position, & status & satisfaction. Questions of 'who does & should get what' within each of these dimensions are issues arousing acrimonious debate. Soc indicators are suggested which would create greater awareness of the extent of inequalities & make discussions of inequalities more useful. These indicators will not tell us what choices to make in inequality-reduction, but they can prevent us from complacently ignoring the fact that choices are being made. Modified HA.

World poverty is an important book offering fresh insights into how to tackle poverty worldwide. With contributions from leading scholars in the field both internationally and in the UK, the book asks whether existing international and national policies are likely to succeed in reducing poverty across the world. It concludes that they are not and that a radically different international strategy is needed. This book is a companion volume to Breadline Europe: The measurement of poverty (The Policy Press, 2001). The focus of World poverty is on anti-poverty policies rather than the scale, causes and measurement of poverty. A wide range of countries is discussed including countries such as China and India, which have rarely been covered elsewhere. The interests of the industrialised and developing world are given equal attention and are analysed together. Policies intended to operate at different levels - international, regional, national and sub-national - ranging from the policies of international agencies like the UN and the World Bank through to national governments, groups of governments and local and city authorities - are examined. Key aspects of social policy, like 'targeting' and means-testing, de-regulation and privatisation, are considered in detail. World poverty will become a definitive point of reference for anyone working, studying or researching in the poverty field. Studies in poverty, inequality and social exclusion series Series Editor: David Gordon, Director, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research. Poverty, inequality and social exclusion remain the most fundamental problems that humanity faces in the 21st century. This exciting series, published in association with the Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research at the University of Bristol, aims to make cutting-edge poverty related research more widely available. For other titles in this series, please follow the series link from the main catalogue page