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In industrialized nations, local food networks have generally been analyzed through alternative food systems, in spite of the fact that they are much more diverse than this would imply. In France, 'short food chains' are both a continuation of a long tradition and a recent trend which now extends beyond activists, to consumers and producers as well. This paper will explore the conditions under which these chains can change the practices and knowledge of ordinary actors in urban food systems, from producers to urban consumers and policy-makers, in the area of agriculture and sustainability. It will consider the case study of the creation and development of an urban open-air market which has been analyzed using intervention research with input from economic sociology. We will highlight how personal relations, which are encouraged by a participatory context, support the evolution of practices and knowledge. We will also illustrate how a system of produce labelling has emerged as a mediation resource, and has increased changes as well as participation within the re-territorialization of the urban food system. By describing a concrete expression of food democracy which is spreading in France via a free collective trademark, and by showing its role in the transition of 'ordinary' actors towards a more sustainable agriculture, this paper will shine new light onto local food chains as well as traditional short food chains, and will call for more research on the subject.

International audience ; In industrialized nations, local food networks have generally been analyzed through alternative food systems, in spite of the fact that they are much more diverse than this would imply. In France, 'short food chains' are both a continuation of a long tradition and a recent trend which now extends beyond activists, to consumers and producers as well. This paper will explore the conditions under which these chains can change the practices and knowledge of ordinary actors in urban food systems, from producers to urban consumers and policy-makers, in the area of agriculture and sustainability. It will consider the case study of the creation and development of an urban open-air market which has been analyzed using intervention research with input from economic sociology. We will highlight how personal relations, which are encouraged by a participatory context, support the evolution of practices and knowledge. We will also illustrate how a system of produce labelling has emerged as a mediation resource, and has increased changes as well as participation within the re-territorialization of the urban food system. By describing a concrete expression of food democracy which is spreading in France via a free collective trademark, and by showing its role in the transition of 'ordinary' actors towards a more sustainable agriculture, this paper will shine new light onto local food chains as well as traditional short food chains, and will call for more research on the subject.

Cet article propose un état des lieux de l'apport de l'économie institutionnelle à l'analyse des dispositifs de paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) dans la littérature scientifique récente sur la base d'une sélection bibliographique d'articles nous paraissant les plus significatifs. Trois principaux axes thématiques sont identifiés : la conceptualisation des PSE, l'architecture et la gouvernance des dispositifs dédiés aux PSE et la compréhension de leurs impacts. Différents approches issues de l'économie institutionnelle coexistent. Nous discutons alors des complémentarités et des possibles contradictions inhérentes à leur mobilisation.

International audience ; In industrialized nations, local food networks have generally been analyzed through alternative food systems, in spite of the fact that they are much more diverse than this would imply. In France, 'short food chains' are both a continuation of a long tradition and a recent trend which now extends beyond activists, to consumers and producers as well. This paper will explore the conditions under which these chains can change the practices and knowledge of ordinary actors in urban food systems, from producers to urban consumers and policy-makers, in the area of agriculture and sustainability. It will consider the case study of the creation and development of an urban open-air market which has been analyzed using intervention research with input from economic sociology. We will highlight how personal relations, which are encouraged by a participatory context, support the evolution of practices and knowledge. We will also illustrate how a system of produce labelling has emerged as a mediation resource, and has increased changes as well as participation within the re-territorialization of the urban food system. By describing a concrete expression of food democracy which is spreading in France via a free collective trademark, and by showing its role in the transition of 'ordinary' actors towards a more sustainable agriculture, this paper will shine new light onto local food chains as well as traditional short food chains, and will call for more research on the subject.

International audience In industrialized nations, local food networks have generally been analyzed through alternative food systems, in spite of the fact that they are much more diverse than this would imply. In France, 'short food chains' are both a continuation of a long tradition and a recent trend which now extends beyond activists, to consumers and producers as well. This paper will explore the conditions under which these chains can change the practices and knowledge of ordinary actors in urban food systems, from producers to urban consumers and policy-makers, in the area of agriculture and sustainability. It will consider the case study of the creation and development of an urban open-air market which has been analyzed using intervention research with input from economic sociology. We will highlight how personal relations, which are encouraged by a participatory context, support the evolution of practices and knowledge. We will also illustrate how a system of produce labelling has emerged as a mediation resource, and has increased changes as well as participation within the re-territorialization of the urban food system. By describing a concrete expression of food democracy which is spreading in France via a free collective trademark, and by showing its role in the transition of 'ordinary' actors towards a more sustainable agriculture, this paper will shine new light onto local food chains as well as traditional short food chains, and will call for more research on the subject.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities. ; Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities. ; Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities. ; Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en oeuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities. ; Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities. ; Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales.

Cet article propose une analyse des processus d'émergence et de diffusion des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) au Cambodge à partir de la théorie du changement institutionnel de John R. Commons. Nous montrons que dans un contexte de conflits d'intérêts autour de l'utilisation des ressources, la mise en place ou le blocage de certains projets PSE correspondent à des stratégies mises en œuvre par les organisations non gouvernementales de conservation et le Gouvernement pour orienter la définition des règles encadrant la gestion des écosystèmes. Au final, le développement des PSE au Cambodge n'a pas permis une modification profonde de ces règles, le déséquilibre des rapports de force entre les différents acteurs impliqués ayant conduit au maintien du statu quo, au détriment des communautés locales. ; This article analyzes the processes of emergence and dissemination of PES schemes in Cambodia. Our analytical framework is based on the theory of institutional change of John R. Commons. In a context of conflicting interests in the use of natural resources, we show that the implementation or blocking of some PES projects reflect the strategies of conservation NGO and government bodies to influence the definition of rules governing the management of ecosystems. In practice, the development of PES schemes in Cambodia did not induce profound changes in these rules. Rather, the imbalance of power between the various actors involved in these processes strengthened a statu quo, at the expense of local communities.