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Milner replies to a critique by C. J. Pattie & R. J. Johnson (2003) of his earlier work demonstrating the correlation between newspaper reading habits & voting. Milner's hypothesis that civic literacy developed through the habit of reading newspapers fosters the habit of voting is treated by Pattie & Johnson using data based on individual-level analysis. Milner here contests this methodology as insufficient, stating that only aggregate-level data analysis is sufficient to test the said hypothesis. In using individual-level data it is impossible to rightly establish cause & effect. Furthermore, only aggregate-level data can accurately assess patterns of habit, here a crucial factor in Milner's hypothesis on development of long-term voting habits strengthened by civic literacy. Civic literacy is also contextualized here through real-world examples of civic activity as compared between the UK, the US, & Canada. 1 Reference. Adapted from the source document.

Explores the relationship between the Finnish majority & the Swedish national minority in Finland where Swedish Finns constitute roughly six percent of the population. Constitutional dimensions of the relationship, including the special position of Swedish-speaking people on the island of Aland, are examined along with prerogatives to informal underlying mechanisms, & the special role of the Swedish People's Party. The situation in Finland, where the Swedish language is accepted as equal to Finnish, is compared to that of the Canadian province of Quebec, where the use of English is restricted. Although the uniqueness of the situation in Quebec, which only has the powers of a province, makes the overall Finnish approach inapplicable, it is concluded that the "Finnish model" suggests that Anglophone Quebec needs the equivalent of the Swedish Peoples' Party to help guarantee fair political representation & promote the development of leaders & policies that could lead to creative compromises that serve the interests of both the minority & majority. 1 Appendix, 12 References. J. Lindroth