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The article focuses on different theoretical approaches towards establishing corporate criminal liability in national legislatures. Corporate crime is a serious criminal phenomenon, which produces high level of social danger in many fields - economy and trade, health and safety at work­place, environmental protection, human rights and others. Introducing criminal liability of legal persons in most of contemporary legislatures has opened theoretical debates in various academic disciplines, such as criminal law, criminology, sociology and social psychology, economic science and others. As a significant criminological discipline, criminal policy is supposed to analyze arguments pro et contra corporate criminal liability as an instrument of prevention and combat against corporate and other forms of white-collar crime. The central part of the article examines different theoretical views and arguments on efficiency and justification of legislative measures towards corporate crime phenomenon. The author stresses economical, sociological and corporate cultural aspects of introducing and implementing criminal liability of legal persons. The author aims to shed light on different dimensions of the matter, pointing to interdependency of various aspects. ; Rad se bavi različitim teoretskim pristupima vezanim za utvrđivanje odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu. Kriminalitet korporacija predstavlja ozbiljnu kriminalnu pojavu koja izaziva visok stepen društvene opasnosti u mnogim oblastima - odražava se na ekonomiju i trgovinu, zdravlje i bezbednost na radnom mestu, ekološku zaštitu, ljudska prava i drugo. Uvođenje krivičnopravne odgovornosti pravnih lica u većinu savremenih zakona otvorilo je teorijske debate u okviru različitih akademskih disciplina, kao što su krivično pravo, kriminologija, sociologija i socijalna psihologija, ekonomske i druge nauke. Kao važna kriminološka disciplina, kriminološka politika treba da se bavi analizom argumenata pro et contra odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela kao instrumenta za prevenciju i suzbijanje korporativnog i drugih vidova privrednog kriminala. Centralni deo rada istražuje različite teorijske poglede i argumente vezane za efikasnost i opravdanost zakonodavnih mera uperenih protiv pojave korporativnog kriminala. Autor naglašava ekonomske, sociološke i korporativno-kulturne aspekte uvođenja i utvrđivanja krivične odgovornosti pravnih lica. Cilj autora jeste da prikaže različite dimenzije ove teme i ukaže na njihovu međusobnu povezanost.

In this paper, we focus on the importance and role of criminal law in sanctioning medical errors. Bearing in mind that criminal acts are the result of irresponsible, inappropriate or insufficiently careful behaviour of medical staff during the treatment, there are difficulties in proving them in criminal proceedings. Due to the complex causality and sensitiveness of this problem, there is a need for a detailed analysis of the relevant provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code. In this regard, our goal is a comprehensive review and assessment of the quality and efficiency of current legislative solutions. The court practice in the matter was also the subject of the analyses, so we tried to identify points of disagreement in the court's interpretation of legal provisions. Subjective elements of the legal definition of the basic form of the offence are particularly examined. We concluded the paper with recommendations for the improvement of legal solutions de lege ferenda.

Historically speaking, along with the development of ICT, the ways of their misuse developed as well. Whoever may have bad intentions will keep finding new methods to abuse these technologies. These methods are based on vulnerabilities of ICT systems, whether they are technical or related to human factor. This paper describes the phenomena of the so-called social engineering and phishing, as modes of performing the criminal offences of fraud and computer fraud, which are used for illegal collection and abuse of the data of ICT system users, in order to mislead them towards acting in a way that causes harm to their own or someone else's possession, with the intention of illegal gain for the perpetrator. Contemporary phishing attacks are very sophisticated, adapted to the potential victims and adjusted to their affinities. The collecting of information regarding a potential victim is most often done via social networks. Therefore, this paper describes the process of planning acts of fraud and explains two most common techniques for data collecting - via social networks and via the victim's illegal router hijacking. A special emphasis is put on the criminal law treatment of these phenomena in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as on solving the dilemmas about technical terms in fraudulent acts in Serbian and English languages. The authors present different forms of social engineering and phishing in ICT systems, i.e. cyberspace, and discuss if and in which cases their acts have legal characteristics of the aforementioned criminal offences. The authors also present and analyze Serbian criminal legislation,with the emphasis on the crime of fraud and similar crimes, which are, in their essence, special forms of fraud. The stress is put on the crime of computer fraud and its characteristic features in comparison with the crime of fraud. The authors consider the changes in legislation that would lead to reformulating the crime of computer fraud so as to encompass various acts carried out with the use of the information-communication technologies. ; Posmatrano iz istorijske perspektive, paralelno sa razvojem informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT) razvijaju se i načini njihove zloupotrebe. Zlonamerni akteri kontinuirano pronalaze nove metode za zloupotrebu ovih tehnologija koje su zasnovane na ranjivostima IKT sistema, bilo da je reč o tehničkim ili ranjivostima vezanim za ljudski faktor. U radu su opisani fenomeni tzv. socijalnog inženjeringa i fišinga, kao načina izvršenja krivičnih dela prevare i računarske prevare, kojima se nezakonito prikupljaju i koriste podaci korisnika IKT sistema kako bi se oni doveli u zabludu ili održali u njoj i usled toga postupili na štetu sopstvene ili tuđe imovine, uz nameru sticanja protivpravne imovinske koristi od strane učinioca. Savremeni fišing napadi su veoma sofisticirani, prilagođeni potencijalnoj žrtvi i usklađeni sa njenim afinitetima. Prikupljanje informacija o potencijalnoj žrtvi najčešće se sprovodi putem društvenih mreža. Stoga je u radu opisan proces planiranja prevarnih radnji i objašnjene su dve najzastupljenije tehnike prikupljanja podataka - putem društvenih mreža i putem nelegalnog preuzimanja kontrole nad ruterom žrtve. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na krivičnopravni tretman ovih fenomena u zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije kao i na pojmovno razjašnjenje terminoloških nedoumica u vezi sa prevarnim radnjama u srpskom i anglosaksonskom jeziku. Autori predstavljaju heterogene oblike ispoljavanja socijalnog inženjeringa i fišinga u IKT sistemima, tj. sajber prostoru, i razmatraju da li se i u kojim slučajevima njihovim vršenjem ispunjavaju zakonska obeležja pomenutih krivičnih dela.

Management as an interdisciplinary field requires multidimensional approach and the engagement of different academic disciplines. The significance of Risk Management studies is rising since the end of the last century, along with technological development and corporate responsibility. However, the concept of risk has various definitions in the literature, international standards and business practice. One of the common concepts of risk determines it as relation between probability and the consequence, or level of possibility that an action or activity will lead to lead to a loss or to an undesired outcome (an action taken in spite of uncertainty with its consequence). The Legal Risk is a fresh concept that has not yet been unanimously determined and accepted in legal studies. Although legal science lacks relevant studies about Legal Risk, international associations and other entities are trying to define them and also to establish the principles of its management. The authors present and analyse theoretical approaches to this concept and also relevant international documents, such as Basel II and International Bar Association Discussion Paper. Also, legal risk are analysed by considering literature that covers different backgrounds – from legal risk in EU legal framework to standard corporate legal risk issues. The authors adopt two definitions of Legal Risk, based on its nature and the origin, and discuss that this definitions do not contradict each other and can well stand alongside, depending on the sort of Legal Risk as a complex phenomenon. The basic principles and rules of Legal Risk Management are recognised as a part of the Corporate Risk Management and Security Policy, where authors demonstrate the fact that reducing, transferring or otherwise controlling Legal Risk consequently result in the reducing of other corporate risks, especially in the security field. Corporate Security and Safety depend and administrative measures can be a powerful tool for improving the state of Corporate Security and Safety. The authors conclude the Legal Risk Management should be the focus of future empirical studies and state that its significance can be recognised in various fields.

The article focuses on the analyses of the problem of legal regulation of cyberspace conflicts. The authors discuss about eventual legal qualifications of cyber warfare, underlining two main issues: first, the fact that cyber warfare cannot be considered as an act of the aggression according to the definition introduced by the UN Resolution; and, second, that it is widely considered that cyber warfare is more than an criminal act incriminated by national legislation. Having this in mind, the authors discuss about possibility of applying some of the established international treaty systems (International Law of War, International Space Law, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Antarctic Treaty System, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Mutual legal assistance treaties) as models for regulating cyberspace. ; Članak je posvećen razmatranju problema pravne neregulisanosti konflikata u kiber prostoru. Autori raspravljaju o mogućim pravnim kvalifikacijama čina kiber ratovanja, ukazujući da se on ne može podvesti pod definiciju agresije usvojenu u rezoluciji Ujedinjenih nacija, ali da je ipak nedovoljno karakterisati ga kao krivično delo kažnjivo po odredbama nacionalnih zakonodavstava. U centralnom delu rada autori analiziraju nekoliko međunarodnih ugovornih režima: međunarodno ratno pravo, Sporazum o neširenju nuklearnog naoružanja, međunarodno kosmičko pravo, Sistem antarktičke povelje, Konvenciju Ujedinjenih nacija o pravu mora i ugovore o uzajamnoj pravnoj saradnji, kako bi utvrdili da li oni mogu služiti kao model za regulisanje međudržavnih konflikata u kiber prostoru.

Corporate crime became a serious criminal phenomenon on a national, regional, and global level. The fact that a large number of states have decided to start punishing corporations with criminal sanctions is the result of an objective examination of social reality, which has unequivocally shown that serious crimes are continually committed on behalf of and for the benefit of legal persons, and that those acts inflict serious damage to states, society, and individual rights. This paper explains the concept and the main characteristics of corporate crime and presents its similarities with and differences from related forms of criminal conduct. The violation of human rights by legal persons is classified according to the object of criminal-law protection, i.e. according to the nature and importance of the right that has been violated. Review and analysis of paradigmatic examples of threats and violations of human rights include criminal activities of legal entities in the fields of protection of life, liberty and security, political rights, environmental and human health, and the right to safe and healthy work. The paper then presents prominent cases of corporate violations of human rights and analyzes the concept of corporate criminal liability as an adequate response to the challenges of corporate crime. Finally, the paper provides an overview of Serbian criminal legislation in this field. ; Kriminalitet pravnih lica postao je ozbiljan kriminalni fenomen na nacionalnom, regionalnom i globalnom planu, a kršenja ljudskih prava kojima se ispunjavaju obeležja bića pojedinih krivičnih dela, samo su deo ukupnog kriminalnog delovanja mnogih korporacija širom sveta. Autori ekspliciraju pojam i osnovne karakteristike kriminaliteta korporacija, analizirajući njegove sličnosti i razlike sa srodnim kriminalnim fenomenima, a zatim prikazuju poznate slučajeve krivičnih dela protiv sloboda i prava čoveka i građanina, učinjena u ime i za račun korporativnih ekonomskih giganata. Autori klasifikuju povrede ljudskih prava od strane pravnih lica po objektu krivičnopravne zaštite, to jest po vrsti i značaju povređenog prava. Prikaz i analiza paradigmatičnih primera ugrožavanja i povrede ljudskih prava obuhvataju kriminalno delovanje pravnih lica u oblastima zaštite života, slobode i bezbednosti, političkih prava, zaštite životne sredine i zdravlja ljudi, te prava na bezbedan i zdrav rad. Nakon toga, autori se fokusiraju na analizu mogućnosti krivičnopravne rekacije, imajući prevashodno u vidu uvođenje odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela kao adekvatan legislativan odgo-vor izazovima kriminaliteta korporacija. Konačno, autori prikazuju i analiziraju domaće pozitivnopravne norme o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela.

The process of economic transition in Serbia has highlighted the problem of socially responsible behavior of corporations and especially the growing phenomenon of corporate crime. The consequences of corporate wrongdoing are almost everywhere and cannot be overseen. The most tremendous ones are those related to human casualties, environmental disasters, long-term negative health effects and great material budget losses on local and state levels. The fact that corporations are profiting from criminal activity which causes enormous damage to society and individuals makes public policy makers face the ultimate choice - either to devise new effective measures for reducing and controlling this phenomenon or to retain the standard model of crime control, in accordance with the principles of classical criminal law. The first choice would require one of the pillars of criminal law - the principle of individual and subjective guilt of physical persons as the exclusive grounds for imposing criminal liability - to be either modified and widened in order to be used as a base for imposing corporate criminal liability or partially changed by new criminal law categories which would introduce different grounds for imposing criminal liability on an organization. The second choice would require the decision-makers to refuse to change old and well-established principles. The criminal reality, however, has made most legislatures in Europe and around the world choose the first option and introduce different forms of corporate criminal liability. Serbian criminal legislation has been headed in the same direction since 2008, when it was changed in order to enable the imposing of liability for criminal acts on corporations. However, although corporate criminal liability is becoming the European legislative standard, one question remains - Is this the only measure of criminal politics which can be used as a means of reducing and preventing corporate crime? The authors analyze criminological, cultural and other aspects of corporate crime and point to some potentially positive effects of measures based on the understanding of the characteristics and functioning of contemporary corporations. The first part of the article highlights the concept and features of corporate crime and suggests a broad criminological definition which encompasses its numerous aspects. The authors then focus on cultural aspects of corporate crime and the role of corporate culture type in choosing the criminal behavior as a way of gaining profit. In the second part, the authors examine the concept of internal corporate security culture and analyze basic models of corporate criminal liability and their relation to the concept of corporate security culture. ; Privatizacija i dolazak stranog kapitala na naše tržište su potencirali značaj društveno odgovornog ponašanja privrednih društava, ali i rastućeg fenomena korporacijskog kriminala. Teške posledice krivičnih dela privrednih društava i drugih pravnih lica se očituju u ljudskim žrtvama, uništavanju životne sredine, dugotrajnim negativnim efektima po zdravlje celih generacija i materijalnim gubicima po druga preduzeća, državne i lokalne budžete i pojedince, uz istovremen vrtoglav rast nezakonito stečenih profita korporacija - kriminalaca. Činjenica da se korporacije bogate i to u ogromnoj meri, upravo zahvaljujući kriminalnim aktima koji proizvode strahovitu štetu društvu i pojedincima, nametnula je zakonodavcima moralni imperativ - ne dozvoliti dalje nezakonito i nemoralno jačanje ekonomske moći korporacija koje ne poštuju pravne propise i običaje fer poslovanja, pa ni osnovne etičke norme. Srpski zakonodavac je krenuo putem brojnih evropskih zakonodavstava koja su u poslednjih nekoliko decenija odustala od strogog poštovanja srednjovekovne maksime societas delinquere non potest. Ipak, postavlja se pitanje da li je uvođenje zakonskih normi o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična dela jedina mera kriminalne politike koja se može preduzeti kako bi se redukovao fenomen kriminaliteta korporacija. Autori analiziraju bezbednosne i kulturološke aspekte kriminaliteta korporacija i ukazuju na potencijalne korisne efekte kriminalnopolitičkih mera zasnovanih na razumevanju karakteristika i načina funkcionisanja savremenih korporacija.

The assessment of security risks, challenges and threats is the first step in developing strategic documents in the field of security and defense. The Republic of Serbia does not still have a defined cyber defense strategy and the adequate legal framework for its planning and implementation. When developing strategic and normative documents, it is important to take into account the specifics of cyber space and cyber weapons. The principles and legality that are applied in the physical world are generally different from those in the cyber world. This second, virtual world, is characterized by insecurity and coincidence as the important features. This results in difficulties related to the inability to reach an adequate level of certainty necessary for making strategic decisions in terms of behavior predictability and functioning of the entities in cyberspace including cyber weapons. The paper describes eight principles of cyber warfare, which were established in 2001 by Parks and Duggan. In addition, taking into account the results of research conducted by relevant authors on the importance of the exponential law for the analysis, approximation and prediction of events in the virtual world, we felt it was justified to promote this law in a separate, ninth cyber warfare principle. The guidelines for the development of strategic documents are also important when defining the adequate legal framework, which should take into account the specifics of cyber world and cyber weapons in order to enable efficient and economical implementation of strategic objectives in this area. This paper presents a proposal for the redefinition of certain legal solutions and points to the ambiguity, incompleteness, inaccuracy and contradiction of certain provisions of positive legislation, indicating the possibilities of de lege ferenda. ; Procena bezbednosnih rizika, izazova i pretnji je prvi korak u izradi strategijskih dokumenata na polju bezbednosti i odbrane. Republika Srbija još uvek nema definisanu strategiju sajber odbrane niti adekvatan pravni okvir za njeno planiranje i implementaciju. Prilikom izrade strateških i normativnih dokumenta važno je uzeti u obzir specifičnosti sajber prostora i sajber oružja. Principi i zakonitosti koji važe u fizičkom svetu se uglavnom razlikuju od onih koji važe u sajber svetu. Ovaj drugi, virtuelni svet, kao bitna obeležja karakterišu nesigurnost i slučajnost. Ovo za posledicu ima teškoće koje se odnose na nemogućnost dostizanja adekvatnog stepena izvesnosti neophodnog za donošenje strategijskih odluka, u smislu predvidljivosti ponašanja i delovanja entiteta u sajber prostoru, uključujući i sajber oružje. U radu smo opisali osam principa sajber ratovanja, koje su još 2001. utvrdili Parks i Dagen. Osim toga, uvažavajući rezultate istraživanja relevantnih autora o značaju eksponencijalnog zakona za analizu, aproksimaciju i predikciju događaja u virtuelnom svetu, smatrali smo opravdanom ideju da se ovaj zakon promoviše u zasebni, deveti, princip sajber ratovanja. Smernice za izradu strateških dokumenata važne su i prilikom definisanja adekvatnog pravnog okvira, koji bi trebalo da uvaži specifičnosti sajber sveta i sajber oružja kako bi omogućio efikasnu i ekonomičnu implementaciju strateških ciljeva u ovoj oblasti. Autori daju predloge za redefinisanje određenih zakonskih rešenja i ukazuju na nejasnost, nepotpunost, nepreciznost i protivrečnost pojedinih odredaba pozitivno pravnih propisa, ukazujući i na mogućnosti de lege ferenda. .