In this paper, the systems of telepharmacy services are presented considering several aspects. The first part considers the basic components of the telepharmacy systems. Examples of telepharmacy application in military services and, above all, in rural areas are presented. Then, the role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in telepharmacy systems is analyzed. In the second part, the importance of the role of technicians for quality execution of the telepharmacy program is proved by one illustrative, mathematical example, using the analysis of several system parameters. ; U ovom radu prikazani su sistemi telefarmaceutske usluge sa nekoliko aspekata. U prvom delu rada date su osnovne odrednice telefarmaceutskih sistema. Dati su primeri primene telefarmacije u vojnim službama i, pre svega, u ruralnim oblastima. Zatim je prikazana uloga farmaceuta i farmaceutskih tehničara u sistemima telefarmacije. U drugom delu jednim ilustrativnim matematičkim primerom prikazan je, analizom nekoliko parametara, značaj uloge tehničara za kvalitetno izvršavanje programa telefarmacije.
Introduction Healthcare enlightenment and healthcare culture in Vranje and its region were under Turkish influence until the liberation in 1878, when the organisation of education, schooling and healthcare were initiated in the Vranje region Objective The aims of this study were to shed light on the beginning of the development of pharmaceutical personnel, and their contribution to healthcare culture development in Vranje and its region, with a focus on healthcare legislation and its impact on pharmaceutical service availability, and the analysis of pharmaceutical personnel development within the healthcare services. Methods We used the methods of documentation analysis and the desk analysis of the secondary information. Results At the beginning of the 19th century healthcare services in Vranje were still inexistent. After the liberation from the Turks, Naum's medical office with pharmacy was opened in Vranje. Although it did not comply with regulations, it presented the only formal source of supply of medications and sanitary material, and as such it gave its contribution to healthcare service at that time in Vranje. Mr ph. Stevan Varjacic, 1st class pharmacy assistant, worked at a temporary hospital from 1880 until January 1881, supplying with medications soldiers and residents of Vranje. The development of pharmaceutical schooling began in 1883, when a pharmacy was opened by the pharmacist Velimir Karic according to the Law on Healthcare Organization and People's Healthcare Maintenance. By the end of the 1930s there were ten civilian healthcare institutions in Vranje, even three of which were pharmacies. By the end of 1948, they were nationalized, and were renamed the City National Pharmacy of Vranje. Conclusion By the end of the 10th century, passing of the legislation on the regulations of pharmaceutical industry within healthcare services had an impact on Vranje that resulted in opening pharmacies with educated pharmaceutical personnel. Pharmacy owners changed, and the quality and continuity of medical supplies was always secured. ; Uvod Zdravstvena prosvećenost i zdravstvena kultura u Vranju i vranjskom kraju bili su pod turskim uticajem do 1878. godine, kada je nakon oslobođenja od Turaka počela organizacija prosvete, školstva i zdravstva u ovom kraju. Cilj rada Ciljevi rada su bili osvetljavanje početaka razvoja apotekarskog kadra i doprinos farmaceuta razvoju zdravstvene kulture u Vranju i vranjskom kraju s osvrtom na zdravstvenu regulativu i njen uticaj na dostupnost usluga apotekarske službe i analizu razvoja farmaceutskog kadra u okviru zdravstvene službe. Metode rada Korišćene su metode dokumentacione analize i desk-analiza sekundarnih podataka. Rezultati Početkom 19. veka zdravstvena služba u Vranju još nije postojala. Nakon oslobođenja od Turaka u Vranju je radila ordinacija s apotekom felčera Nauma, koja je, iako nije bila usklađena s propisima, bila jedini formalni izvor snabdevanja lekovima i sanitetskim materijalom i kao takva dala doprinos tadašnjoj zdravstvenoj službi u Vranju. U privremenoj vranjskoj bolnici od 1880. godine do januara 1881. godine radio je apotekarski pomoćnik prve klase magistar farmacije Stevan Varjačić, a lekovima su se snabdevali vojnici i stanovnici Vranja. Razvoj školske farmacije počinje 1883. godine otvaranjem apoteke farmaceuta Velimira Karića u skladu s tada važećim Zakonom o uređenju sanitetske struke i o čuvanju narodnog zdravlja. Krajem tridesetih godina 20. veka u vranjskom kraju je radilo deset civilnih zdravstvenih ustanova, od kojih su čak tri bile apoteke. One su krajem 1948. godine podruštvljene i promenile naziv u 'Gradska narodna apoteka u Vranju'. Zaključak Postojanje zakonske regulative o uređenju farmaceutske delatnosti u okviru zdravstvene službe uticalo je na to da Vranje krajem 19. veka dobije apoteke sa školovanim farmaceutskim kadrom. Vlasnici apoteka su se menjali, ali kvalitet i kontinuitet u medicinskom snabdevanju uvek je bio obezbeđen.
Rare diseases (RD) are very heterogenic group of disorders affecting less than 5 out of 10.000 people in the European Union (EU), at the same time putting them in danger or disabling them chronically. It is estimated that only in Serbia almost half a million people suffer from some RD. In spite of rarity, they represent an important medical and social problem. The aims of this pilot project were to evaluate the pharmacists' general knowledge and specific knowledge regarding RD, regulatory requirements and availability of drugs for the RD in the Republic of Serbia as well as pharmacists' attitudes and understanding of the health public importance of RD and drugs' availability. The prospective crosssectional KAP study was conducted during 2012, on a convenient sample of the community pharmacists from the territory of the Niš branch of Pharmaceutical Chamber of Serbia. The questionnaire was fully completed by 139 pharmacists; 89.2% were females with mean age of 43.4±9.1 years. More than half of the respondents (66.9%) knew that there was no Register of RD in Serbia, but did not know the estimated percentage of the EU population suffering and the prevalence of RD (67%, 51.8%, respectively). Insufficient information about the problem points to insecurity in basic epidemiology and regulatory knowledge. The majority of the respondents supported the establishment of the regulatory instruments for the promotion of the research and development of the orphan drugs for RD. ; Retke bolesti su heterogena grupa životno ugrožavajućih ili hronično onesposobljavajućih oboljenja, koja se prema kriterijumima evropske regulative javljaju sa učestalošću od najmanje jednog prema 2000 stanovnika. Uprkos tome što su retke u populaciji, one predstavljaju važan medicinski i socijalni problem sa kojim se susreću zdravstveni sistemi širom sveta. Procene su da samo u Republici Srbiji od retkih bolesti boluje skoro pola miliona ljudi. Ciljevi ovog pilot projekta bili su da se procene opšta i specifična znanja farmaceuta o retkim bolestima, regulativi u vezi sa lekovima za lečenje retkih bolesti i njihovoj dostupnosti u Republici Srbiji i utvrde stavovi farmaceuta o značaju retkih bolesti i dostupnosti terapije za bolesnike. Prospektivna studija preseka obuhvatila je farmaceute koji rade na teritoriji niškog ogranka Farmaceutske komore Srbije. Prikupljanje podataka obavljeno je tokom 2012. godine pomoću strukturiranog, anonimnog upitnika, posebno konstruisanog prema ciljevima istraživanja, a za obradu podataka korišćene su metode deskriptivne statistike i korelaciona analiza. Upitnik je potpuno popunilo 139 farmaceuta, pretežno ženskog pola (89,2%), prosečne starosti 43,4 ±9.1 godine. Više od polovine ispitanih farmaceuta (67%) ne zna da 6-8% populacije u EU boluje od neke retke bolesti, dok 51,8% smatra, što je pogrešno, da je prevalenca u Evropi manja od 5 na 10 000 ljudi. Većina ispitanika (66,9%) zna da u Srbiji ne postoji Registar retkih bolesti. Nedovoljna informisanost farmaceuta ukazuje na nesigurnost u poznavanju osnovnih regulatornih zahteva u vezi sa retkim bolestima i lekovima za njihovo lečenje. Većina ispitanika se u svojim stavovima zalagala za uspostavljanje regulatornih instrumenata za promovisanje istraživanja i razvoja lekova za retke bolesti.
Introduction. Every clinical trial has to meet all ethical criteria in addition to the scientific ones. The basic ethical principles in the clinical trials are the following: nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy and the principle of justice. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze clinical cases with the outcomes leading to the changes in regulatoryethical framework related to the clinical trials, as well as the outcomes of key clinical trials that influenced the introduction of the ethical principles into clinical trials. Methods. This was a descriptive research (methods of analysis and documentation; desk analysis of the secondary data). Results. By analyzing the cases from the secondary sources as well as clinical and ethical outcomes, it may be noticed that the codes, declarations and regulations have been often preceded by certain events that caused their adoption. Moral concern and public awareness of the ethical issues have initiated not only the development of numerous guidelines, codes, and declarations, but also their incorporation into the legislative acts. Conclusion. It is desirable that ethical instruments become legally binding documents, because only in this way will be possible to control all phases of the clinical trials and prevent abuse of the respondents. ; Uvod. Svako kliničko ispitivanje, pored naučnih, mora da zadovolji i etičke kriterijume. Osnovni etički principi u kliničkim ispitivanjima su: neškodljivost, dobročinstvo, poštovanje autonomije i princip pravednosti. Cilj rada. Cilj rada je bio da se analiziraju klinički slučajevi čiji su ishodi doveli do promena u regulatornoetičkom okviru u vezi s kliničkim ispitivanjima i ishodi kliničkih ispitivanja koja su uticala na uvođenje etičkih principa. Metode rada. Istraživanje je bilo deskriptivno, a primenjene su metoda dokumentacione analize i deskanaliza sekundarnih podataka. Rezultati. Analizom slučajeva iz sekundarnih izvora, te kliničkih i etičkih ishoda, može se primetiti da su kodeksima, deklaracijama i pravilima prethodili događaji koji su uzrokovali njihovo donošenje. Moralna briga i svest javnosti o etičkim problemima pokrenule su razvoj brojnih smernica, kodeksa i deklaracija i njihovo uvrštavanje u zakonska akta. Zaključak. Ukoliko se regulativa svih faza kliničkih ispitivanja zasniva na etičkim postavkama, kontrola i ishod su bazirani na humanim osnovama i prava su mera dobrobiti društva i pojedinca.
Rare diseases (RD) are very heterogenic group of disorders affecting less than 5 out of 10.000 people in the European Union (EU), at the same time putting them in danger or disabling them chronically. It is estimated that only in Serbia almost half a million people suffer from some RD. In spite of rarity, they represent an important medical and social problem. The aims of this pilot project were to evaluate the pharmacists' general knowledge and specific knowledge regarding RD, regulatory requirements and availability of drugs for the RD in the Republic of Serbia as well as pharmacists' attitudes and understanding of the health public importance of RD and drugs' availability. The prospective crosssectional KAP study was conducted during 2012, on a convenient sample of the community pharmacists from the territory of the Niš branch of Pharmaceutical Chamber of Serbia. The questionnaire was fully completed by 139 pharmacists; 89.2% were females with mean age of 43.4±9.1 years. More than half of the respondents (66.9%) knew that there was no Register of RD in Serbia, but did not know the estimated percentage of the EU population suffering and the prevalence of RD (67%, 51.8%, respectively). Insufficient information about the problem points to insecurity in basic epidemiology and regulatory knowledge. The majority of the respondents supported the establishment of the regulatory instruments for the promotion of the research and development of the orphan drugs for RD.
