The problem of spatial data infrastructure interoperability is complex, and must be considered from several aspects. Interabilnost in response to the problem of spatial data infrastructure heterogeneity and spatial data themselves require a multidisciplinary and empirical approach to the solution. Interoperability can be defined from the technical, semantic, organizational, legal, political and human aspects. Achieve harmonization and interoperability of spatial data infrastructure directly related to the implementation of standards. The implementing rules should be based, wherever possible, on international standards. ; Problem interoperabilnosti infrastrukture prostornih podataka je složen, te ga je potrebno razmatrati sa više aspekata. Interabilnost kao odgovor na problem heterogenosti infrastrukture prostornih podataka i samih prostornih podataka zahteva multidisciplinaran i empirijski pristup u rešenju. Interoperabilnost se može definisati sa tehničkog, semantičkog, organizacionog, pravnog, političkog i ljudskog aspekta. Postizanje harmonizacije i interoperabilnosti infrastrukture prostornih podataka direktno zavisi od implementacije standarda. Pravila implementacije potrebno je zasnivati, uvek kada je moguće, na međunarodnim standardima.
Floods and torrents present one of the gravest dangers to people and the environment and seriously affect the socio-economic and technical and technological development and sustainability of natural resources. Electronic media report about their frequency almost daily. A number of large-scale floods in the world, including the territory of our country, accompanied by massive material damage and loss of human lives, have brought these phenomena into the focus of public interest. However, there is no complete protection against floods and torrents in the world of today. The risk from large quantities of water and the failure of the protection system cannot be avoided because they are accidental values. Besides, it is impossible to design the system of protection for any quantity of water. That is why many countries have lately abandoned the concept of suppressing and controlling floods and torrents, i.e. they have given up the idea of managing such phenomena. The paper therefore presents a model of adaptive managing in the protection and rescue operations related to floods and torrents, which implies adapting to the flooding risk or the principle of 'living with floods'. Namely, following some theoretical considerations related to causes and effects of floods and torrents seen from the geo-spacial, security and technical aspects, the paper presents the elements of a modern integrated system of protection and rescue in cases of floods and torrents, which complies with the national legislation and economic resources, as well as the internationally accepted concepts of sustainable development. The new concept of adaptive management is realized through well-balanced ratio of investment and non-investment activities and reducing the exposure of the population and environment to flood risk. The paper closes with a geo-topographic review related to the topic. ; Poplave i bujice predstavljaju jednu od najvećih opasnosti po ljude i životnu sredinu i imaju značajan uticaj na društveno-ekonomski i tehničko-tehnološki razvoj i održivost prirodnih resursa. O njihovoj učestalosti govore gotovo svakodnevno elektronski mediji. Nekoliko velikih poplava u svetu, ali i na našem državnom geo-prostoru, praćene velikim materijalnim štetama i gubicima ljudskih života, uvrstile su te pojave u žižu interesovanja javnosti. Međutim, danas u svetu nema potpune zaštite od poplava i bujica. Rizik od velike vode i otkaza sistema zaštite se ne može izbeći jer su to slučajne veličine. Pored toga, ne može se dimenzionisati sistem zaštite za svaku veliku vodu. Stoga je poslednje vreme u mnogim zemljama sveta napušten stav da se poplave i bujice mogu suzbiti i kontrolisati, tj. da se protiv njih može 'boriti' i u potpunosti upravljati. S tim u vezi, u radu je prezentovan pristup adaptivnog upravljanja zaštitom i spasavanjem od poplava i bujica, tj. prilagođavanje poplavnom riziku ili princip 'živeti sa poplavama'. Naime, u radu su pored teorijskih razmatranja uzroka i posledica poplava i bujica sa geo-prostornog, tehničkog i bezbednosnog aspekta, prezentovani elementi savremenog integrisanog sistema zaštite i spasavanja od poplava i bujica koji se uklapa u nacionalnu legislativu i ekonomske mogućnosti, kao i međunarodno prihvaćene koncepte održivog razvoja. Novi koncept adaptivnog upravljanja ostvaruje se odmerenim odnosom neinvesticionih i investicionih radova i smanjenjem izloženosti stanovništva i atributa životne sredine poplavnom riziku. Na kraju rada dat je geotopografski podsetnik za tretiranu tematiku.
Owing to efforts of volunteers and minimal financial support by the Ministry of Economy and Regional Prosperity in the Government of the Republic of Serbia, the Mountaineering Association of Serbia managed to realize a large portion of the European Walking Route (EWR) Project in 2010 by designing and marking sections E 7 and E 4 through Serbia. The mountaineering organization and tourism on the national level have thus been given significant and almost free development opportunity. The paper focuses, firstly, on certain aspects of marked hiking routes and transversals which served as a basis for designing and marking the EWR and, secondly, on the EWR standards illustrated by example from Denmark. This is followed by elements of the standards and procedures for creating EWR through Serbia, as well as a critical survey of the existing mountaineering and hiking maps. The example of section E 7 on Mt. Tara has been given as being representative of the practice of cartographic modeling. The closing part contains concise suggestions for a future standard in the field of tourist and cartographic visualization of mountaineering centres through which the EWR goes in the territory of Serbia. ; Zahvaljujući volonterskim naporima i minimalnim podsticajnim sredstvima Ministarstva za ekonomiju i regionalni razvoj Vlade Republike Srbije, Planinarski savez Srbije (PSS) je u toku 2010. godine realizovao glavni deo projekta Evropskog pešačkog puta (EPP) kroz Srbiju - deonice E7 i E4, čime su planinarska organizacija i turizam u nacionalnim okvirima dobili značajnu i gotovo besplatnu razvojnu šansu. S tim u vezi, u radu je najpre obrađen aspekt markiranih planinarskih pešačkih staza i transverzala koje su činile osnovu za projektovanje i trasiranje EPP, a zatim je predstavljen standard EPP na primeru iz Danske. Nakon toga su dati elementi standarda i procedura za izradu EPP kroz Srbiju, kritički osvrt na stanje planinarsko-turističkih karata u našoj zemlji, a prezentovan je i način kartografskog modelovanja EPP na primeru deonice E7 na planini Tari. Na kraju rada sublimirani su predlozi budućeg standarda turističko-kartografske vizuelizacije planinskih centara preko kojih prolazi deonica EPP kroz Srbiju.
The consequences of the floods that inundated the territory of Serbia in 2014 indicated a high level of citizen unpreparedness to respond to the situation. Starting from this fact, the basic idea of this research is to examine the level and correlation of certain factors with the students' knowledge about floods as natural disasters. The aim of the research is a scientific explanation of the correlation between students' knowledge about floods and these factors. The research consisted of a survey conducted on a sample of 3,498 respondents who make up 8.96% of the students population. The respondents were students from 19 secondary schools, out of a total of 54 at the territory of 11 affected municipalities of the city of Belgrade. The research results suggest that flood related knowledge is influenced by the students' gender, education and employment status of parents, education acquired in school and in the family, while the knowledge of safety procedures for responding to floods is influenced by fear, gender and the educational level of parents. These results can be used in creating educational programme strategies to enhancing preparedness for response.
