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Deception has a long history in information warfare. Recent technological advances have increased the ability of militants to utilize deception in propaganda, but this subject has not been the focus of much scholarly attention. This study remedies this shortcoming by conducting a case study of the Islamic State's use of deception in propaganda, and identifies three types of deception: substantive, source, and spread. Additionally, this article discusses the rationales under which the group used these deceptive practices. In doing so, it provides a new framework for understanding deception that can be useful in future academic work. The study of deception can also help those fighting against these groups by providing them with a research-based understanding of how and when deception is likely to be used, which will allow them to better calibrate counter-messaging efforts.

Why do different Islamic State propaganda products receive different numbers of views? This article relies on a dataset of 1700 Islamic State photo essays to examine this question. It finds that violence in Islamic State photo essays, especially retributional violence, or violence directed at the group's enemies and wayward adherents, leads to increased viewership. Releases that highlight the group's military operations, governance activities and geographic expansion also draw more attention, although less than the increase for products containing retributional violence. These findings have implications for research and counterterrorism efforts targeted at reducing the propaganda appeal of terrorist organizations.

Why do different Islamic State propaganda products receive different numbers of views? This article relies on a dataset of 1700 Islamic State photo essays to examine this question. It finds that violence in Islamic State photo essays, especially retributional violence, or violence directed at the group's enemies and wayward adherents, leads to increased viewership. Releases that highlight the group's military operations, governance activities and geographic expansion also draw more attention, although less than the increase for products containing retributional violence. These findings have implications for research and counterterrorism efforts targeted at reducing the propaganda appeal of terrorist organizations.

Summary: this revision article deals with practices around the literality of law training in some Latin American universities. To this end, the way in which different theoretical and conceptual perspectives have been used to talk about textual understanding and production in the legal field, in higher education institutions, was reviewed until the end of literature. An analysis was carried out of the articles published in 2007-2017 in Latin American magazines, relating to reading and writing processes in the legal field, both in training and in the world of work. The results showed that literality practices have focused on the repetition, conceptual and textual ownership of discursive genders, the adaptation of texts to the diverse realities of the partners and the importance of intertextuality in the textual construction of legal arguments. ; Resumen: este artículo de revisión aborda las prácticas alrededor de la literacidad propias de la formación del campo del Derecho, en algunas universidades latinoamericanas. Para ello, se revisó la forma como se han empleado diferentes perspectivas teóricas y conceptuales para hablar de la comprensión y la producción textual en el ámbito jurídico, en instituciones de educación superior, hasta llegar al término literacidad. Se realizó un análisis de los artículos publicados en 2007-2017 en revistas latinoamericanas, relacionados con procesos de lectura y escritura en el ámbito jurídico, tanto en la formación como en el mundo laboral. Los resultados mostraron que las prácticas de literacidad se han centrado en la repetición, la apropiación conceptual y textual de los géneros discursivos, la adaptación de los textos a las realidades diversas de los interlocutores y la relevancia de la intertextualidad en la construcción discursiva de la argumentación jurídica.