Suchergebnisse

Within the Civilian legal tradition, the unworthy heir rule has been established on both objective and subjective grounds. In France, the Code Napoleon enshrined said rule as a creation of law, without the deceased having any say in its operation. The Napoleonic model was later borrowed into the civil codes of Italy and Romania, thus expanding the doctrine of an objective unworthiness to their legal systems. Nevertheless, the Romanian Civil Code of 2009 empowered the deceased to remove said penalty through an explicit pardon. Since this new prerogative is a distinctive feature of the subjective foundation, the reform has rather significant implications for Romanian succession law. Essentially, the authors argue that the unworthy heir rule has always been founded upon a mixture of public policy and private interest, with the only variable being the dominating factor. Within the broader field of succession law, the legislator aims to achieve balance between the imperative nature of public policy and freedom of testation on the one hand, and between the private interests of the deceased and his family on the other. Whilst the Civil Code of 2009 does restore the Roman notion of an unworthiness subordinated to the deceased's intention, it also preserves the public policy foundation. Its real merit consists of acknowledging that the very concept of inheritance is based upon the presumed intention of the deceased: an unworthy heir forfeits his right to inherit the deceased as a result of breaching the bond of affection which is presumed to exist between them, yet only the latter can have the final say in this matter. In contrast, the Civil Code of 1864 failed to achieve such a balance since it transplanted an ideologized public policy, residue of the French Revolution.

Leaving wealth for pious and charitable purposes has been a constant practice of the old Romanian law. However, did it also had a legal basis to support or encourage it? How can it be explained that only in 1924 an express regulation of foundations was created, six decades apart from the entry into force of Cuza's Civil Code? What is the current situation? All these questions are meant to identify answers that clarify a primary issue: is there any continuity solution in ensuring an adequate legal framework for encouraging and validating testamentary foundations in Romanian law.

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all living European land and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at country level (up to the Urals, excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project covers about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies. This represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. Hymenoptera is one of the four largest orders of insects, with about 130,000 described species. In the Fauna Europaea database, 'Hymenoptera - Apocrita (excluding Ichneumonoidea)' comprises 13 superfamilies, 52 families, 91 subfamilies, 38 tribes and 13,211 species. The paper includes a complete list of taxa dealt with, the number of species in each and the name of the specialist responsible for data acquisition. As a general conclusion about the European fauna of Hymenoptera, the best known countries in terms of recorded species are those from northwestern Europe, with the least known fauna probably in the more eastern and southeastern parts of Europe.

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all living European land and freshwater animals, their geographical distribution at country level (up to the Urals, excluding the Caucasus region), and some additional information. The Fauna Europaea project covers about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies. This represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many users in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. Hymenoptera is one of the four largest orders of insects, with about 130,000 described species. In the Fauna Europaea database, 'Hymenoptera - Apocrita (excluding Ichneumonoidea)' comprises 13 superfamilies, 52 families, 91 subfamilies, 38 tribes and 13,211 species. The paper includes a complete list of taxa dealt with, the number of species in each and the name of the specialist responsible for data acquisition. As a general conclusion about the European fauna of Hymenoptera, the best known countries in terms of recorded species are those from northwestern Europe, with the least known fauna probably in the more eastern and southeastern parts of Europe.