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The first Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States in the 1820s and initially their presence did not result in improving the American perception of China. On the contrary – intense immigration from China led to the development of racist and xenophobic attitudes towards the Chinese (Yellow Peril), which culminated in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. During the Second World War, China became an important ally of the United States, which triggered a succession of changes to laws barring Chinese immigration (Magnuson Act). Contemporary Chinese Americans – particularly Taiwanese Americans – can be located in the upper spheres of immigrant population: they are considered to be a well-educated and affluent group. This paper presents the historical and contemporary socio-economic characteristics of the Sino-American population set against a historical and legal background.

The paper compares the systems of financing political parties in France, Germany and the UK. The analysis concentrates on effectiveness of collecting contributions, dependency on large donors for providing funds for financing election campaigns and daily operation of political parties, and the level of transparency of finances of political parties. The final conclusion is that only introducing limits on expenditures on election campaigns allows to keep the costs of election campaigns and political parties at a low level, while mandatory common accounting standards and public access to financial information is necessary to preserve transparency of finances of political parties.

The paper compares the systems of financing political parties in France, Germany and the UK. The analysis concentrates on effectiveness of collecting contributions, dependency on large donors for providing funds for financing election campaigns and daily operation of political parties, and the level of transparency of finances of political parties. The final conclusion is that only introducing limits on expenditures on election campaigns allows to keep the costs of election campaigns and political parties at alow level, while mandatory common accounting standards and public access to financial information is necessary to preserve transparency of finances of political parties.

This paper deals with the reality of political finance in Japan. In the text I describe how the election system influenced the process of creation of party system, especially segmentation of the Liberal-Democratic Party into factions. Consequences of this system include expensive election campaigns which in turn lead to close relationships between political parties and individual politicians and large, particularly corporate, donors. In effect the costs of election campaigns continue to increase and political parties, perpetually in need of money, constantly search for new donors. In this context it is not surprising that in Japan corruption is important problem. What is also important, however, is the fact that dysfunctional relationships between large, corporate donors and political parties were and are fundamental factors influencing economic policies of successive governments.

This paper deals with the reality of political finance in Japan. In the text I describe how the election system influenced the process of creation of party system, especially segmentation of the Liberal-Democratic Party into factions. Consequences of this system include expensive election campaigns which in turn lead to close relationships between political parties and individual politicians and large, particularly corporate, donors. In effect the costs of election campaigns continue to increase and political parties, perpetually in need of money, constantly search for new donors. In this context it is not surprising that in Japan corruption is important problem. What is also important, however, is the fact that dysfunctional relationships between large, corporate donors and political parties were and are fundamental factors influencing economic policies of successive governments.

The article presents the history of the US campaign finance law. It describes acts passed by the Congress, starting from the Tillman Act of 1907, followed among others by Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and finished with McCain-Feingold Act of 2002. There are also described the most important decisions of the US Supreme Court related to the campaign finance including Newberry vs. United States (256 U. S. 232 (1921)), Buckley v. Valeo (424 U. S. 1 (1976)), McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (540 U. S. 93 (2003)) Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (130 S. Ct. 876 (2010)) of 2010. The paper also how has changed the attitude of the Supreme Court towards campaign finance regulation The article also recalls the historical events, such as Teapot Dome Scandal and Watergate, that were important stimuli for passing new law by the Congress. The background of the Supreme Court decisions is also provided.

Centre ou périphérie ? En choisissant tel ou tel positionnement de la Pologne en Europe, les gouvernements successifs déterminaient – parfois inconsciemment – la forme de la politique extérieure, et souvent celle de la politique intérieure, y compris de la politique économique. La question de la perspective, qui détermine les agissements au plan international, connaît un nouvel essor pendant les périodes de réévaluations et de changements rapides. Nous traversons justement une telle période, au niveau du continent entier et des différents États à la fois, y compris la Pologne. C'est pourquoi il est utile de se pencher sur les problèmes concernant toute l'Europe, l'UE et la Pologne à partir d'une perspective moins évidente. Le but de cet article est de familiariser les lecteurs francophones avec la position de la Pologne à l'égard de l'Union et de certains problèmes fondamentaux qui se posent à elle (entre autres choses : les crises des migrants et des réfugiés en Europe).

The article attempts to answer question whether the immigration policy of the only state with economic and social potential comparable to the EU's can inspire EU's solutions to the immigrant crisis. The interdisciplinary paper is based on analysis of statistical data, official documents and acts of law. We conclude that further integration of the EU Member States in the field of security policy and increasing spending on common border protection is necessary. ; Marta Pachocka

Early in the 21st century the question of international migrations is growing in importance in Europe. That growth is caused by demographic changes affecting the population of the continent, particularly the ageing of the population, which can be understood in two diff erent ways. First of all, ageing means that the population lives longer: life expectancy at any age and in good health is growing. Ageing also means that the number of old people is growing, and that translates into changes in the structure of the population by age. Ageing is accompanied by low total and partial fertility rates, low live birth rates, and gross and net reproduction rates. The detailed analysis of those changes and their consequences in the regional and global scale was prepared as a result of UN and Eurostat long term population forecasts (in Poland the forecast was prepared by the Central Statistical Office – GUS). Poland stands apart when compared to the rest of Europe in terms of demographic changes. Its demographic situation is bad due to negative international migration rate, low total fertility rate (TFR, below the threshold of generation renewal) and ageing of the society. These changes influence Poland's internal socio-economic situation. For almost ten years now in the scholarly journals, popular science magazines and media much thought has been given to emigration from Poland, while the other important subject, that of immigration, is not covered so well. At the same time the general demographic problems are accompanied by even more severe problems on the job market. Paradoxically, a state with a large number of economic immigrants and with a quite high unemployment rate (exceeding 10%) needs to import labour so that its economy could grow further. The aim of this paper is to present contemporary and forecast demographic situation of Poland with its most important socio-economic consequences. The description of demographic situation and its consequences will serve as a background for demonstrating the growing importance of international economic migrations for the future demographic potential of Poland. The paper also contains quantitative and qualitative analysis of immigration to Poland. The accession of Poland into the EU has increased the importance of international migration in shaping of Poland's demographic situation. Poland is an emigration country, which at the same time is receiving large economic immigration from other states in Eastern Europe. The influx of migrants is possible thanks to the improving economic situation. As the demographic and economic situation changes, the importance of immigration from Eastern Europe will grow and the character of that immigration will change. ; Rozdział znajduje się w książce pt. "10 lat członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej – ocena i perspektywy", która powstała przy współfinansowaniu ze środków Unii Europejskiej – Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) oraz Fundacji Narodowego Banku Polskiego. Wszystkie treści umieszczone w publikacji są wyrazem opinii i poglądów wyłącznie ich autorów i nie muszą być tożsame z poglądami wydawcy oraz podmiotów współfinansujących. ; Marta Pachocka

AbstractThis article seeks to explain whether the politics of exit forced by one state on citizens of another in the past influence the politics of entry of present ethnic nation‐states. It concentrates on the Karta Polaka (Card of a Pole), originally enacted in Poland in 2007 within the framework of the politics of belonging as a response to the perceived moral duty towards ethnic Poles "left behind" in the former Soviet Union. With time, this policy has evolved to become Poland's entry policy of choice for incoming ethnic Poles from the diaspora. Through a review of the literature on politics of belonging, exit, and entry, an analysis of the context and by tracking changes within the law itself, this paper assesses the development and scope of the Karta Polaka. The causal effect correlation between the development of entry policies in ethnic nation‐states and the exit policies of another is confirmed.

Tempers flared in Europe in response to the 2015 European Refugee Crisis prompting some countries to totally close their borders to asylum seekers. This was seen to have fueled anti-immigrant sentiment, which grew in Europe along with the support for far-right political parties that had previously languished. This sparked a flurry of research into the relationship between immigration and far-right voting, which has found mixed and nuanced evidence of immigration increasing far-right support in some cases, while decreasing support in others. Studies by Mendez and Cutillas (2014); Mayda, Peri, and Steingress (2016); Vertier and Viskanic (2018); and Georgiadou, Lamprini, and Costas (2018) found that the presence of immigrants decreased votes for right parties, while others by Otto and Steinhardt (2014); Dustmann, Vasiljeva, and Damm (2016); Halla, Wagner, and Zweimuller (2017); Brunner and Kuhn (2018); and Edo et. al. (2019) found that immigration increased votes for right parties. To provide more evidence to this unsettled debate in the empirical literature, we use data from over 400 European parties to systematically select cases of individual countries. We augment this with a cross-country quantitative study. Our analysis finds little evidence that immigrant populations are related to changes in voting for the right. Our finding gives evidence that factors other than immigration are the true cause of rises in right voting.