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"Combining narrative history with data-rich social and economic analysis, this study examines the failure of frontier farms in the antebellum Northwest Territory, where legislatively created markets and poor surveying resulted in massive investment losses for both individual farmers and the national economy. The history of farming in the Great Lakes region is described, with specific focus on the State of Michigan, viewed through a case study of Midland County. Inter and intra-state differences in soil endowments, public and private promoters of site-specific investment opportunities, time trends in settled populations and the experiences of individual investors are covered in detail."-Provided by publisher"--

1 Economists' Epistemological Challenges -- 2 The Trajectory of the First Social Science -- 3 An Overview of Socially Constructed Mental Models and Vocabularies -- 4 From Metaphor to Fact: The Early History of Creating a New Language of Markets & Economies -- 5 Value Judgments Regarding the Meaning of Wealth -- 6 Alternative Values and Mental Models: The Recurring Challenge of Inequality -- 7 The Long-Standing Interest in the Meanings, Causes, and Consequences of Inequality -- 8 Is the Past a Reliable Prologue for the Future of Economics?.

This Palgrave Pivot demonstrates that the inherited vocabularies of economics and other social sciences contain socially constructed words and theories that bias our very understanding of history and markets, bridging the empirical and moral dimensions of economics in general and inequality in particular. Wealth, GDP, hierarchies, and inequality are socially constructed words infused with moral overtones that academic philosophers and policy analysts have used to raise questions about "fairness" and "justice." This short intellectual and epistemological history explores and elaborates a limited number of key inequality-related terms, concepts, and mental images invented by centuries of economists and others. The author challenges us to question the assumptions made concerning presumably value-free concepts such as inequality, wealth, hierarchies, and the policy goals a nation can be pursuing. Robert E. Mitchell is a retired Foreign Service Officer and former Professor of urban and regional studies at Columbia University, the University of California, Berkeley, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Florida State University. He also directed two survey research centers, served as executive director of two state-level task forces, and headed a national task force on family policy. He served as a Behavioral Science Adviser for the Near East Bureau of the United States Agency for International Development, followed by long-term Foreign Service posts in Egypt, Yemen, and Guinea-Bissau.

Sufficient empirical research has accumulated in a number of regions of the less developed world to prepare state-of-the-art reviews of migration studies (Morse, 1965, 1971a, 1971b) as well as in-depth investigations of migration-related issues (Kuper, 1965). Despite its size and world importance, very little such research has been conducted in Southeast Asia. This is evident in both the articles and special bibliographic chapter published in a recent review of urbanization and national development in South and Southeast Asia (Jakobson and Prakash, 1971: also, Breese, 1973).

A shortened version of publication No. A-54 of the Survey Res Center, U of California, Berkeley, on the collection, methodological evaluation, & distribution of existing survey materials collected in developing countries, for comparison purposes. The major problems for the comparative res'er are classified as (A) Sampling errors: (1) poor workmanship, (2) incompleteness of coverage & lack of comparability of sampling frames, (3) problems of relevancy of cluster & quota sampling, (4) obstacles to soc & cultural accessibility (noncompletion rates); (B) Measurement errors: (i) over-sophistication of questions asked by res'ers leading to meaningless evidence, (ii) difficulties of conceptual & linguistic equivalence; (C) Interview bias: (a) biased data because of presence of clinical witnesses, (b) courtesy bias, (c) interviewer-R status congruency. These problems are examined & brought to the attention of comparative res'ers. Some suggestions as to how they can be overcome are made. M. Maxfield.

The Internat'l Data Library & Reference Service (IDL&RS) was established by the Survey Res Center & the Instit of Internat'l Studies to assist soc sci'ts at the U of Calif in obtaining, processing, & analyzing existing domestic & foreign survey materials. The service also provides assistance in the collection of new survey data in the US & other countries, & is used as a training laboratory for various U courses of instruction. (See SA 0104-B2279) G. Speal.

Introduction: Flash Data: Semiotics, Information, and the Body / Robert Mitchell and Phillip Thurtle ; 1. LSDNA: Consciousness Expansion and the Emergence of Biotechnology / Richard Doyle ; Response / Steven Shaviro ; 2. The Virtual Surgeon: Operating on the Data in an Age of Medialization /Timothy Lenoir ; Response / Peter Oppenheimer ; 3. Flesh and Metal: Reconfiguring the Mindbody in Virtual Environments / N. Katharine Hayles ; Response / Kathleen Woodward.

Unlike school integration measures, housing and community development policies attack the causes rather than simply the symptoms of racial segregation in urban communities. Federal policies are examined with regard to two goals: protection of the individual's right to a decent home and a suitable living environment, and the social goal of achieving stable interracial residential environments. Although both supply and demand housing strategies have had some, but still unmeasured, success in realizing both goals, the public and private sector delivery systems have sustained the dual housing market. Future progress will depend on the mixture of demand and supply strategies adopted, changes in delivery systems, the success of federal enforcement efforts, the emphasis placed on broad strategy options, and socioeconomic trends not easily influenced by public policy.

Federal policies are examined with regard to: (1) protection of the individual's right to a decent home & suitable living environment, & (2) the achievement of stable interracial residential environments. It is felt that housing & community-development policies attack the causes rather than the symptoms of racial segregation in Ur communities. Although supply-&-demand housing strategies had some success in realizing both goals, the public & private sector delivery systems have sustained the dual housing market. Future progress is seen as depending on: the mixture of demand-&-supply strategies adopted, changes in delivery systems, success of federal enforcement efforts, emphasis on broad strategy options, & SE trends not easily influenced by public policy. Modified HA.