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Two theoretical perspectives, dangerous dyads and the bargaining model of war, have dominated theoretical discourse and empirical analyses in the Peace Science Society community for the past 25 years. This article discusses what we have learned about war from these approaches to the study of interstate and intrastate conflict. More critically, the piece examines what perspectives have been absent from Peace Science research and how these missing gaps influence the quantitative study of war and the diversity of the Peace Science community.

This commentary provides a brief summary of the articles in this special issue and emphasizes four questions raised by this research: 1) ways to define and measure mediators' strategies, 2) teasing out demand side factors from supply side factors in mediation, 3) capturing differences between states and international organizations as conflict managers, and 4) understanding the role of particular conflict management actors like the International Criminal Court.

This special issue publishes research projects by several ITRAG members, projects which were presented at the October 2006 Benjamin F. Shambaugh conference at the University of Iowa. Much like the broader ITRAG research group, the papers represent an interesting array of theoretical arguments and innovative, original data-sets on international institutions and treaties. The papers engage several important theoretical debates in international relations related to the rational and legal design of institutions, the linkage between domestic politics and the design of international treaties, and the causal mechanisms linking institutions and cooperation. Adapted from the source document.

While constructivist scholars have recognized an important role for norms in international relations, they have not considered the changing proportion of democratic states in the international system as a potential source of norm formation. I argue that democratic norms become international norms as the proportion of democratic states in the international system increases, focusing on the democratic norm of third-party dispute resolution. I reach the novel conclusion that nondemocratic states are more likely to behave like democratic states, adopting democratic norms, as the proportion of democracies increases. Empirical analysis of peaceful settlement attempts of territorial claims in the Americas supports this hypothesis. Third-party settlement is 16 times more likely for nondemocratic dyads when the proportion of democracies in the system is 50% than when the proportion is zero. My theory & empirical results offer new insight into the democratic peace literature & the constructivist literature on international norms. 4 Tables, 51 References. Adapted from the source document.

This invaluable text assesses the current research on the causes of both war and peace. In this revised third edition - now with a brand new chapter on the Russian-Ukraine War - leading international relations scholars explore the role of territorial disputes, power, alliances, arms races, rivalry, and nuclear weapons in bringing about war; the outcomes and consequences of war; and the factors that promote peace, including democracy, norms, capitalist economies, and stable borders. The revised third edition includes a section on emerging trends in research on cyber war, the environment and climate change, leaders, war financing, and trends in interstate conflict. Reviewing fifty years of scientific research, the contributors provide an accessible and up-to-date overview of current knowledge and a road map for future research.

"This book explores the paradox of the worldwide spread of democracy and capitalism in an era of Western decline. The rest is overtaking the West as Samuel Huntington predicted, but because it is adopting Western institutions. The emerging global order offers unprecedented opportunities for the expansion of peace, prosperity, and freedom. Yet this is not the 'end of history', but the beginning of a post-Western future for the democratic project. The major conflicts of the future will occur between the established democracies of the West and emerging democracies in the developing world as they seek the benefits and recognition associated with membership of the democratic community. This 'clash of democratizations' will define world politics"--