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The aim of this research was to find out if the war in Ukraine affects the Russian society and Sino- Russian relations and if Beijing is capable of saving the Russian economy from destruction. With regards to research methods, a document analysis method was used to obtain valid information about the socio-economic consequences of the war. A wide range of documents and scholarly articles were analyzed in order to obtain reliable and objective information. The research revealed that the war has devastating effect on Russia's economy and could cause aggravation of socio-economic problems in the future. Russia could become an isolated and impoverished country. The war has also negative effect on Sino-Russian relations. Despite having close ties with Russia, Beijing refuses to support Russia during these difficult times and does not offer financial, economic and military assistance to Kremlin. Indeed, China's ability to save Russia from economic disaster is limited.

The article
explains how the Coronavirus pandemic contributed to the rise of
authoritarianism throughout the world. Advocates of the small government fear
that the Coronavirus pandemic may lead to the unprecedented rise of government
power and the rise of authoritarianism in the universe. The government might take advantage of the
crisis and impose a lot of restrictions on the people. Governments use pandemic as a pretext to limit
human rights. On the pretext of
controlling the pandemic such fundamental human rights as freedom of speech and
expression, freedom of assembly and association, the right to privacy, etc. are
massively restricted. Since the outbreak
of the pandemic civil space has been severely restricted and press freedom is a
thing of the past in many countries. The state of emergency in various
countries creates favorable conditions for the government to restrict human
rights and impose total control over the society in order to prevent the
outbreak of pandemic.

The article explains how the Coronavirus pandemic contributed to the rise of authoritarianism throughout the world. Advocates of the small government fear that the Corona-virus pandemic may lead to the unprecedented rise of government power and the rise of authoritarianism in the universe. The government might take advantage of the crisis and impose a lot of restrictions on the people. Governments use pandemic as a pretext to limit human rights. On the pretext of controlling the pandemic such fundamental human rights as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly and association, the right to privacy, etc. are massively restricted. Since the outbreak of the pandemic civil space has been severely restricted and press freedom is a thing of the past in many countries. The state of emergency in various countries creates favorable conditions for the government to restrict human rights and impose total control over the society in order to prevent the outbreak of pandemic.

During the Cold War Turkey had excellent relations with the United States of America. Both countries needed each other and saw the Soviet Union as their main rival. Strategic Partnership was established between the two nations and USA provided military assistance to Turkey in order to contain the Soviet Union. With the assistance of the USA, Turkey managed to neutralize Soviet threat and integrate into NATO. Turkey became a close ally of the West. After the Cold War, American-Turkish relations have gradually cooled and deteriorated significantly over the last years. The aim of this article is to analyze those factors that have caused the deterioration of American-Turkish relations.

This article describes the competition between China and the USA for global hegemony. Both states have hegemonic ambitions and compete with each other over the domination of Asia. The rise of China has transformed global politics, as well as the balance of the global economy. As China's economic and military power increases steadily, its geopolitical ambitions are also constantly growing. Some experts do not exclude the possibility of conflict between China and the USA in the future. There are many potential hot spots in East Asia where conflict could erupt at any time in the future between the USA and China. Many experts doubt whether the USA and China can escape Thucydides' Trap in the future.

This article describes the main challenges that the European Union is facing over the last years. It also analyzes the European Integration process and the emergence of the European Union. European integration process began after the Second World War. European politicians realized that "the old continent", which was destroyed and razed to the ground, needed unification in order to play more important role in the bipolar international system. The European integration was a step by step process, which reached its culmination after signing the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, when the European Union was formally established. The European Union created very favorable ground for free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market. Despite these positive developments, new threats emerged over the last years that can put an end to the European integration process. From these threats and challenges, particular attention is dedicated to Britain's exit from the European Union (Brexit), rise of radicalism and populist parties, migration crisis and a heightened terrorism threat.

This article describes the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia for achieving regional hegemony in the Middle East. Both states have an ambition to be the leader of the Islamic world and there is a constant struggle between them to dominate Middle East and spread their influence in neighboring countries. Both countries fund militant Islamic movements abroad and are engaged in fierce battle for regional dominance. After the establishment of theocratic regime in Iran, the kingdom of Saudi Arabia vehemently opposed Teheran's ambitions to export revolutions and increase its influence in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia is determined to counter the Iranian revolutionary threat and constantly opposes Teheran's ambitions to dominate the Arab World. Saudi Arabia and Iran often accuse each other of fueling sectarian violence by backing Shia and Sunni militias in Iraq, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon. Both countries try to avoid direct confrontation with each other. Instead of direct conflict, both sides fight each other indirectly and provide varying degrees of support to different camps in nearby conflicts.

The maintenance of Spain's territorial integrity strongly depends on the integration of Gibraltar into the Kingdom of Spain.Spain has repeatedly tried to regain control over the Rock - a British Overseas Territory - by both military and diplomatic means.The decline of Spanish imperial power and the British preeminence during the 19th century made any recovery attempt bySpain futile. Following World War II, Spain reactivated its claim over Gibraltar and Gibraltar's integration into the kingdomof Spain has remained a stated objective of successive Spanish governments. Negotiations between Spanish and Britishauthorities remain unproductive and the issue of Gibraltar remains unresolved. Spanish national unity rules out the right toself-determination on which the Gibraltarians themselves insist and the Spanish government continues to treat the Gibraltarianproblem as a bilateral matter between United Kingdom and Spain, thereby ignoring the economic, social, and political interestsof Gibraltarians. This analysis questions the strategies and policies employed by the Spanish government when addressingthe current Gibraltarian crisis.

In the 1990s Central Asian republics experienced enormous economic problems because their economies were heavily dependent onRussia and could not function separately. The collapse of the Soviet Union meant also the collapse of the Central Asian economic systems. TheLeaders of former Soviet republics decided to carry out rapid economic and political reforms. They adopted economic policies which were knownas "shock therapy". Shock therapy caused the emergence of many socio-economic problems, as well as the growth of unemployment and inflation.It also increasedsocial inequalityandthe gapbetween richandpoor.Withregardsto Turkmenistan,itstransition fromacentrally plannedeconomyto a free market economy was a very slow process and the central government continued to play strong directive andprotective rolesinthe economy.Much of the economy has not been exposed to market disciplines and remained under the firm control of central government. At first glance Turkmenistan seems a very attractive country for investors. It has immense amount of natural resources, especially oil andnatural gas. Each year scientists discover large deposits of natural gas and oil in Turkmenistan. It is the fourth - largest producer of natural gas inthe world. But, if one examines the country's current socio-economic and political situation in details, he/she would discover that it is becomingincreasingly an "investor unfriendly" country. Turkmenistan is regarded as one of the most oppressive countries in the world. The country hasa long tradition of dictatorial rule which is a main obstacle to any kind of economic and political reforms. Turkmenistan has a largely state-runeconomy and the country's economy is still based on the system of state ownership. Government still controls the vast majority of lucrative businessesand industrial assets. Theeconomy of Turkmenistanis still characterized by state control of investment.

This article deals with the problems of the definition of the term politics. The definition of politics varies from time to time and from place to place. In other words politics is a loaded term. It has a wide range of meanings when used in everyday life. Politics is defined in such different ways: as the study of conflict resolution, the art of government, the conduct and management of public affairs, and so on. The aim of this article is to explain the difficulties of defining the term politics. This research is based on the comparative method: two contradictory approaches to understanding politics are compared with each other, the narrow definition of politics and the broad definition of politics. The narrow definition of politics is a highly restricted understanding of politics. According to the narrow definition, politics is what takes place within the government and state departments: only politicians, government officials, members of the political parties are involved in politics. In contrast to the narrow definition of politics, broader conception of politics argues that politics is not only confined to a particular sphere, but also takes place in all aspects of human life. The problem of the definition of politics is closely linked with these two contradictory approaches to understanding politics.

One of the main objectives of the Georgian government is to maintain Georgia's sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity within internationally recognized borders. The maintenance of Georgia's territorial integrity strongly depends on the effective implementation of the policy of non-recognition of Georgia's separatist regions. This article explains the ways in which the policy of non-recognition of Georgia's breakaway regions can be strengthened. Effective implementation of the non-recognition policy depends on the following factors: 1. Expansion of diplomatic ties; 2. Active cooperation with Western countries and international organizations and their involvement in the implementation of the policy of non-recognition; and 3. Along with the non-recognition policy, implementation of the policy of withdrawal of recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

"One of the main objectives of the Turkish foreign policy is to integrate Turkey in the European Union. Over the last decades Turkey has unsuccessfully tried to join European Union. For various reasons (economic, political and social), European leaders have blocked the attempts of Turkey to join European Union. There is a widespread belief in Europe that Turkish membership poses a threat to the stability and security of the European Union. This article explains why Europe needs Turkey and why Turkey's integration into Euro-Atlantic structures should not be seen as a danger but as an opportunity for economic progress and development of Europe." (author's abstract)