Suchergebnisse

The main purpose of this article is to present the directions of foreign activity (paradiplomacy) of Polish regional governments with partners from outside Europe. The first, theoretical part shows the essence of paradiplomacy, which is understood as the ability of local government units to conduct political interactions beyond country borders. The empirical part discusses the spatial directions of paradiplomacy of Polish local governments, Polish-chinese regional partnerships and other partnerships from outside Europe. The hypothesis was verified that regional governments, in addition to european and neighbourhood cooperation, also cooperate with geographically distant partners from outside the european continent. The article uses methods typical of social sciences, including case studies and quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest prezentacja aktualnego stanu współpracy zagranicznej (paradyplomacji) polskich samorządów wojewódzkich z partnerami z Włoch. W pierwszej, teoretycznej części pokazano istotę paradyplomacji, rozumianej jako zdolność jednostek samorządu terytorialnego do politycznych interakcji przestrzennych przekraczających granice państwa. W części empirycznej omówiono kierunki paradyplomacji polskich samorządów oraz polsko-włoskie partnerstwa regionalne. Starano się zweryfikować hipotezę, że samorządy wojewódzkie obok współpracy sąsiedzkiej, prowadzą także kooperację z partnerami geograficznie odległymi, czego przykładem są Włochy. W artykule zastosowano metody właściwe naukom społecznym, w tym studia przypadków oraz analizę ilościowo-jakościową.

Aktywność zagraniczna (paradyplomacja) samorządów terytorialnych jest jednym z elementów polskiej polityki zagranicznej oraz jednym z wymiarów współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Artykuł prezentuje rezultaty badań współpracy polskich samorządów z Chinami, które są najczęściej wybieranym kierunkiem spośród wszystkich państw pozaeuropejskich.

The foreign activity (paradiplomacy) of local governments is one of the elements of Polish foreign policy and one of the dimensions of contemporary international relations. This paper presents the re sults of the investigations concerning foreign activity of Polish regions and cities with China. Studies have shown, that China is the most frequently chosen direction of activity of Polish local governments among all non-European countries. ; Aktywność zagraniczna (paradyplomacja) samorządów terytorialnych jest jednym z elementów polskiej polityki zagranicznej oraz jednym z wymiarów współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Artykuł prezentuje rezultaty badań współpracy polskich samorządów z Chinami, które są najczęściej wybieranym kierunkiem spośród wszystkich państw pozaeuropejskich.

Aktywność zagraniczna (paradyplomacja) samorządów terytorialnych jest jednym z elementów polskiej polityki zagranicznej oraz jednym z wymiarów współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Artykuł prezentuje rezultaty badań współpracy polskich samorządów z Chinami, które są najczęściej wybieranym kierunkiem spośród wszystkich państw pozaeuropejskich. ; The foreign activity (paradiplomacy) of local governments is one of the elements of Polish foreign policy and one of the dimensions of contemporary international relations. This paper presents the re sults of the investigations concerning foreign activity of Polish regions and cities with China. Studies have shown, that China is the most frequently chosen direction of activity of Polish local governments among all non-European countries.

W artykule przyjęto założenie, że dwa regiony sąsiadujące, czyli posiadające wspólną, lądową granicę: województwo warmińsko-mazurskie i Obwód Kaliningradzki FR tworzą polsko-rosyjskie pogranicze. Widoczna jest ewolucja polsko- rosyjskiej granicy: od zamkniętej (do 1955 r.), poprzez selektywnie otwartą (lata 1956-1989), do granicy jako płaszczyzny współpracy (od 1990 r.). Wpływa to na ewolucję badanego pogranicza: od zamkniętego, izolowanego - do pogranicza, gdzie realizowane są wielowymiarowe, oddolne kontakty transgraniczne. Natomiast wprowadzenie w 2012 r. zasad małego ruchu granicznego i związany z tym dynamiczny wzrost ruchu granicznego służą kształtowaniu polsko-rosyjskiego regionu transgranicznego.

This article is a review and its main purpose is to show the evolution of the idea of neutrality as well as its contemporary understanding in selected cases. At the present time traditional neutrality seems to be an anachronism, and its contemporary forms are an expression of the adaptation of states to changing international conditions. The evolution of the concept began with neutrality abandoning its economic dimension and then reducing its military one. The distinction between war and conflict in the UN`s sense gave the neutral state the opportunity to participate in armed intervention, which in reality meant shifting from neutrality towards non-alliance. For example, Sweden is playing a specific political game to gain benefits from neutrality.

This article is a review and its main purpose is to show the evolution of the idea of neutrality as well as its contemporary understanding in selected cases. At the present time traditional neutrality seems to be an anachronism, and its contemporary forms are an expression of the adaptation of states to changing international conditions. The evolution of the concept began with neutrality abandoning its economic dimension and then reducing its military one. The distinction between war and conflict in the UN`s sense gave the neutral state the opportunity to participate in armed intervention, which in reality meant shifting from neutrality towards non-alliance. For example, Sweden is playing a specific political game to gain benefits from neutrality.

Lithuania was among the first republics of the disintegrating Soviet Union to an nounce its declaration of independence, and in September 1991 established diplomatic relations with Poland. In January 1992, both countries signed a joint declaration, and in April 1994 they signed the Treaty on friendly relations and good neighborly cooperation. Over the next 10 years, ways of achieving foreign policy objectives shared by both countries were sought and eventually worked out. Mutual support in pursuit of becoming a member of NATO and of the European Union was visible, which eventually turned into profound relations that were referred to as a strategic partnership. A network of cooperation was formed. It included deep political contacts at all levels and the paying of first foreign visits after being sworn in, which on the Polish side was initiated in 1996 by President A. Kwaœniewski, has become a symbol. Both countries have undertaken joint initiatives to improve energy security and military cooperation, and conduct cross-border and interregional cooperation. The end of the second decade of the two countries' relations showed, however, that unresolved problems, mainly related to the status of the Polish minority in Lithuania, have been increasingly influencing the policy of steadily building good neighborly relations between Warsaw and Vilnius.

Lithuania was among the first republics of the disintegrating Soviet Union to announce its declaration of independence, and in September 1991 established diplomatic relations with Poland. In January 1992, both countries signed a joint declaration, and in April 1994 they signed the Treaty on friendly relations and good neighborly cooperation. Over the next 10 years, ways of achieving foreign policy objectives shared by both countries were sought and eventually worked out. Mutual support in pursuit of becoming a member of NATO and of the European Union was visible, which eventually turned into profound relations that were referred to as a strategic partnership. A network of cooperation was formed. It included deep political contacts at all levels and the paying of first foreign visits after being sworn in, which on the Polish side was initiated in 1996 by President A. Kwaśniewski, has become a symbol. Both countries have undertaken joint initiatives to improve energy security and military cooperation, and conduct cross-border and interregional cooperation. The end of the second decade of the two countries' relations showed, however, that unresolved problems, mainly related to the status of the Polish minority in Lithuania, have been increasingly influencing the policy of steadily building good neighborly relations between Warsaw and Vilnius. ; Lithuania was among the first republics of the disintegrating Soviet Union to announce its declaration of independence, and in September 1991 established diplomatic relations with Poland. In January 1992, both countries signed a joint declaration, and in April 1994 they signed the Treaty on friendly relations and good neighborly cooperation. Over the next 10 years, ways of achieving foreign policy objectives shared by both countries were sought and eventually worked out. Mutual support in pursuit of becoming a member of NATO and of the European Union was visible, which eventually turned into profound relations that were referred to as a strategic partnership. A network of cooperation was formed. It included deep political contacts at all levels and the paying of first foreign visits after being sworn in, which on the Polish side was initiated in 1996 by President A. Kwaśniewski, has become a symbol. Both countries have undertaken joint initiatives to improve energy security and military cooperation, and conduct cross-border and interregional cooperation. The end of the second decade of the two countries' relations showed, however, that unresolved problems, mainly related to the status of the Polish minority in Lithuania, have been increasingly influencing the policy of steadily building good neighborly relations between Warsaw and Vilnius.

Front Matter --Preliminary Material --Copyright page --Chapter 1 Introduction --Part I Regional Identities --Chapter 2 East Prussia - Politics and Memory /Author: Krzysztof Gładkowski --Chapter 3 Historical Memory and Identity of Borderlands: the Case of the Warmia and Mazury Region and the Kaliningrad Region /Author: Krzysztof Żęgota --Chapter 4 Towards the Regional Identity of the Inhabitants of the Polish-Russian Borderland /Author: Arkadiusz Żukowski --Chapter 5 Tatar Ethnic Minority in the Kaliningrad Region - Cultural and Religious Activity /Author: Selim Chazbijewicz --Part II (Inter-)Regional Policies --Chapter 6 The Specificity of the Kaliningrad Region in the Administrative System of the Russian Federation /Author: Waldemar Tomaszewski --Chapter 7 Political Participation in the Kaliningrad Region of the Russian Federation /Author: Karolina Tybuchowska-Hartlińska --Chapter 8 The Attitude of Polish Political Parties towards the Kaliningrad Region in 1989-2019 /Author: Tomasz Bojarowicz --Chapter 9 The Kaliningrad Region in the Olsztyn Media /Author: Katarzyna Maciejewska-Mieszkowska --Chapter 10 The Local Border Traffic Between Poland and Russia - Political and Security Dimension /Author: Wojciech Kotowicz --Chapter 11 Paradiplomacy Between Polish Regions and the Kaliningrad Region /Author: Wojciech T. Modzelewski --Chapter 12 Cooperation Between the Warmia and Mazury Region and the Kaliningrad Region and its Perspectives /Author: Łukasz Bielewski --Chapter 13 Cooperation of the Regional and Local Authorities of the Warmia and Mazury Region and the Kaliningrad Region /Author: Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk --Part III Geopolitical Perspectives --Chapter 14 The Lasting Consequences of Geopolitical Mistakes - Some Realist Conclusions on the Duchy of Prussia and its Role in the History of Poland /Author: Jacek Więcławski --Chapter 15 Historical Background and Specificity of the Kaliningrad Region in Europe - a Local Perspective Outlook /Author: Benon Gaziński --Chapter 16 The Kaliningrad Region: an Exclave with Internal and External Problems /Author: Ingmar Oldberg --Chapter 17 The Significance of the Kaliningrad Region in the International Politics in the Baltic Sea Region After 1989 /Author: Marcin Chełminiak --Part IV Research Perspectives --Chapter 18 Scientific Activity of the Institute of Political Science of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn on the Kaliningrad Region /Authors: Arkadiusz Żukowski, Marcin Chełminiak, Wojciech Kotowicz, and Krzysztof Żęgota --Chapter 19 International Activity and Cooperation of Universities - the European Union from the Kaliningrad Point of View /Authors: Anna Barsukova and Igor I. Zhukovskiy --Back Matter --List of Scientific Publications on the Kaliningrad Region Prepared by the Institute of Political Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn /Authors: Marcin Chełminiak, Wojciech Kotowicz, Wojciech T. Modzelewski, Krzysztof Żęgota, and Arkadiusz Żukowski --List of Authors.