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This book analyzes the reform movement in Iran and traces its political roots from the beginning of the 20th century to its relative demise with the purging of the Green Movement after the 2009 disputed elections. The author explains how this movement was shaped in a country with an authoritarian Islamist regime, how it grew, and what its achievements are, including its failures and setbacks. The project will appeal to scholars and students in the fields of Middle Eastern politics and sociology, Iranian politics, democracy, and the US-Iran relations. Majid Mohammadi is Independent Scholar, Analyst, and Freelance Writer for Radio Free Europe.--

Cover -- Author Bio -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Tables and figures -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- Part I. Pre-Iranian revolution era -- 2. Early islamism: revivalism and revolution -- 3. Identity-oriented islamism: islam vs the west -- Part II. Post-Iranian revolution era -- 4. Socialist islamism: ali shari'ati -- 5. Nationalist islamism: mehdi bāzargān -- 6. Clerical authoritarian islamism: ruhullah khomeini -- 7. Shari'ah-Oriented islamism: mortezā motahhari -- 8. Justice-Oriented scripturalist islamism: mohammad reza hakimi -- 9. Mysticism-Oriented islamism: abdolkarim soroush -- 10. Militarist/Messianist islamism: mohammad taqi mesbāh yazdi -- 11. Fascist islamism: ahmad fardid and reza dāvari -- Part III. Now and then -- 12. Comparisons -- 13. Conclusion -- Epilogue -- Appendix. religious studies in iran today: research programs -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back cover

Iran is now at the center of political and social developments in the Middle East. This book examines the reform of the judicial system in 20th century Iran and is the first to relate state-building process with the rule of law promotion and judicial reform in the region. This subject occupies the critical juncture of three developments in the contemporary study of Iranian society as an important and early case of social revolution and reform in the Middle East: the state-building process in a non-Western country throughout the 20th century, the incorporation of a non-Western Muslim country in

After presenting a compendium of the structural and ideological gender inequalities in the Iranian society, mostly in post-revolutionary era, this article provides basic information and analysis about Iranian feminists in the civil rights movement framework. It also reviews the relationship between Iranian feminism on the one hand and democratization process and demand for vindication of civil rights of all Iranian citizens as the main issues of this movement on the other. This review will be done in three parts: the essence of Iranian feminism in post-revolutionary Iran including a sustained critique of Iranian feminism, the interactions of women activists and other activists in this movement, and the impact of Iranian feminism on the Iranian civil rights movement and vice versa.

Based on the discourse analysis of the statements of the university student organizations in the period between 1996–2006, this paper will address the pros and cons of five approaches to politics in the post-reform movement era based on five discourses among university students in the past decade of Iranian politics and their consequences for reshaping the Iranian polity. This article first discusses five socio-political processes, i.e., Islamicization, social differentiation, limited political competition, transformation of Shi'ite authority, and personalization of power, which led to four social and political schisms in Iranian society; inequality; political, social, and cultural discrimination; and secular/Islamist tension. Referring to these schisms, political discourses shape the ideologies and actions of Iranian student movements. These discourses are social justice, tradition, totalitarianism, pluralism, and Islamic democracy. Even if these discourses were no more than intellectual pronouncements by the university students, they have been powerful enough to extend to the Iranian political society.

AbstractThis paper presents a new multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) method, namely the ratio product model (RPM). We first overview two popular aggregating models: the weighted sum model (WSM) and the weighted product model (WPM). Then, we argue that the two models suffer from some fundamental issues mainly due to ignoring the ratio nature of the alternatives' scores with respect to the criteria and the importance weights of the criteria. Building on the notion of compositional data analysis, the developed RPM regards performance scores and criteria weights as compositions, which solves the issues around the WSM and WPM. Using several examples, we show that the WSM and WPM could lead to erroneous conclusions, whereas the RPM could lead to fully reliable conclusions. Since many MCDM methods rely on some aggregation approaches, the proposed method is a significant contribution to the field and puts forward the correct way to analyze decision problems while respecting the nature and constraints of the input data.

This book presents recent advances in the theory and application of the Best-Worst Method (BWM). It includes selected papers from the Third International Workshop on Best-Worst Method (BWM2022), held in Delft, the Netherlands, from 9 to 10 June 2022. The book provides valuable insights on why and how to use BWM in a diverse range of applications including health, energy, supply chain management, and engineering. Moreover, it highlights the use of BWM in different settings including individual decision-making vs group decision-making, and with complete information vs incomplete and uncertain information. Academics and practitioners whose work involves multi-criteria decision-making and decision analysis will particularly benefit from the papers gathered here.

AbstractPriorities in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) convey the relevance preference of one criterion over another, which is usually reflected by imposing the non-negativity and unit-sum constraints. The processing of such priorities is different than other unconstrained data, but this point is often neglected by researchers, which results in fallacious statistical analysis. This article studies three prevalent fallacies in group MCDM along with solutions based on compositional data analysis to avoid misusing statistical operations. First, we use a compositional approach to aggregate the priorities of a group of DMs and show that the outcome of the compositional analysis is identical to the normalized geometric mean, meaning that the arithmetic mean should be avoided. Furthermore, a new aggregation method is developed, which is a robust surrogate for the geometric mean. We also discuss the errors in computing measures of dispersion, including standard deviation and distance functions. Discussing the fallacies in computing the standard deviation, we provide a probabilistic criteria ranking by developing proper Bayesian tests, where we calculate the extent to which a criterion is more important than another. Finally, we explain the errors in computing the distance between priorities, and a clustering algorithm is specially tailored based on proper distance metrics.